U.S. v. Benjamin
| Decision Date | 13 July 1994 |
| Docket Number | No. 93-1694,93-1694 |
| Citation | 30 F.3d 196 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Robert BENJAMIN, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit |
Theodore Lawrence Craft, with whom Robert Benjamin pro se was on brief for appellant.
Paul G. Levenson, Asst. U.S. Atty., with whom Donald K. Stern, U.S. Atty., was on brief for appellee.
Before TORRUELLA, CYR and STAHL, Circuit Judges.
Robert Benjamin appeals his sentence and order to pay restitution after he pled guilty to a single count of interstate transportation of stolen property in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2314.
In 1985, Stanley Sreda ("Sreda"), a retired farmer, hired Robert Benjamin ("Benjamin"), a self-employed advisor and tax accountant, to manage Sreda's investments and authorized Benjamin to buy and sell securities on Sreda's behalf. During the course of their business relationship, Benjamin embezzled substantial sums of money from Sreda. After Sreda discovered that Benjamin had embezzled money from him, Sreda and Benjamin entered into a civil agreement ("the Agreement") whereby Benjamin conveyed his personal residence and land to Sreda.
The Agreement stipulated that Sreda would put the property, which was heavily mortgaged, up for sale to recover the money which Benjamin had embezzled. The bank which held a mortgage on the property, however In this case, the government filed an Information charging Benjamin with interstate transportation of $460,449.85 in embezzled monies. Benjamin pled guilty to the charge. The pre-sentence report ("PSR") calculated the actual loss suffered by Sreda to be $665,943, consisting of $460,449.85 attributable to 13 checks that Benjamin wrongfully converted and $205,494, discovered after the plea, attributable to bearer bonds which Benjamin fraudulently redeemed.
foreclosed and took the property. According to Benjamin, Sreda, who owned the property subject to the mortgage, took no actions to sell the property nor made any payments on the mortgage. Sreda then filed a civil action to recover the money embezzled. Benjamin defaulted in the civil action.
Following the Sentencing Guidelines, the district court found Benjamin to have an offense level of 17 and a criminal history category of 1, calling for a sentence of 24 to 30 months incarceration and 24 to 36 months of supervised release. The court based its calculation of the total offense level on the $460,000 loss alleged in the indictment, plus an additional loss of $205,000 which it counted as "relevant conduct" under U.S.S.G. Sec. 1B1.3. The district court sentenced Benjamin to 30 months' incarceration followed by 36 months of supervised release. The district court also ordered Benjamin to pay $460,000 in restitution.
On appeal, Benjamin contends that (1) the district court's calculation of his offense level was excessive and improper; (2) the district court erred in including the $205,000 not included in the indictment in its calculation of loss in determining "relevant conduct" for purposes of sentencing; (3) the sentence was wrongfully inconsistent with the plea agreement; and (4) the district court abused its discretion by failing to mitigate its restitution order in light of the civil agreement between Benjamin and Sreda.
Benjamin's first contention has no merit. The sentence imposed was the result of a straightforward and correct application of the Sentencing Guidelines and Benjamin has articulated no reason why it should be deemed "excessive" or "improper."
Of the remaining issues raised by Benjamin, the only issue preserved for appeal is whether the district court erred by failing to mitigate restitution. Benjamin's remaining contentions were not argued before the district court below and, absent exceptional circumstances, they will not be addressed for the first time on appeal. United States v. Curzi, 867 F.2d 36, 44 (1st Cir.1989); see also United States v. Shattuck, 961 F.2d 1012, 1015 (1st Cir.1992) () (citation omitted).
At sentencing, counsel for Benjamin acknowledged that he had read the PSR and expressly waived any challenge to the factual accuracy of the PSR. Counsel also conceded that the correct amount for calculating loss for purposes of relevant conduct at sentencing was $665,000 as stated in the report. Benjamin is bound by these findings because on appeal, a defendant may not challenge the findings in his PSR if he has failed to object to that report in the district court. United States v. Haggert, 980 F.2d 8, 11 (1st Cir.1992) (citing United States v. Fox, 889 F.2d 357, 359 (1st Cir.1989)).
We can reverse Benjamin's sentence based on claims not raised below, only for "plain error." United States v. Olivier-Diaz, 13 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.1993). Benjamin has failed, however, to persuade us that such error took place. To meet the plain error standard there must be: (1) a reviewable error (2) that is "clear" or "obvious" and (3) affects "substantial rights." Id.
There is no plain error in this case because this court has previously entertained and rejected the same substantive arguments presently made by Benjamin. In United States v. Fox, 889 F.2d 357, 350-61 (1st Cir.1989), we rejected a challenge to the district court's consideration of "relevant conduct" that had been set forth in a PSR, but that was not part of the specific offense to which defendant had pled guilty. In the present case, the district court correctly considered Benjamin's embezzlement of the additional Our review of the transcript confirms that the government met its obligations under the plea agreement and Benjamin concedes that there was no bad faith or breach of promise by the government. The agreement indicated that the district court was not bound by the agreement and might not follow the parties' guidelines calculations or sentencing recommendations. Yet, Benjamin contends that the court's consideration, in determining his sentence, of the $205,000 loss not charged in the Information violated the plea agreement. In Fox, we rejected the contention that the court's consideration of such "relevant conduct" in sentencing violated due process where a pre-sentence investigation subsequent to the plea agreement between the defendant and the United States revealed additional information relevant to...
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