U.S. v. Bloch
| Decision Date | 28 October 1982 |
| Docket Number | No. 81-1424,81-1424 |
| Citation | 696 F.2d 1213 |
| Parties | 112 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2508, 97 Lab.Cas. P 10,001, 12 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 492 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff/Appellee, v. Rene BLOCH and Hector Rivera, Defendants/Appellants. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
John E. Meyers, Los Angeles, Cal., for defendants/appellants.
Lourdes Baird, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff/appellee.
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Before ANDERSON, PREGERSON and NELSON, Circuit Judges.
Appellants Bloch and Rivera appeal from convictions on one count of conspiracy in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 371 (1966) and six counts of accepting unlawful payments in violation of 29 U.S.C. Sec. 186(b)(1) (1978). Appellants were convicted of demanding and accepting unlawful payments from promoters seeking visas for Latin American musicians to perform in the United States.
Appellants were both employed by the American Federation of Musicians (AFM), Local 47. Their duties included overseeing all nightclubs within a certain geographical area to insure that union rules with respect to musicians were being followed at those clubs.
In order to obtain visas for foreign musicians, promoters and employers must obtain AFM approval of all visa petitions. As a condition for such approval, AFM requires promoters and employers to agree to hire local union musicians on a "one to one" basis with the foreign musicians. AFM relied on Bloch and Rivera as field representatives to enforce and monitor compliance with these "one to one" agreements in the Local 47 area.
Philip Karlin was the head of Marcalan, Inc. (Marcalan), a company which arranged for Latin American musicians to perform in the United States. From late 1970 or early 1971 until April or May 1973, Karlin paid $1,000 every month in exchange for Bloch's and Rivera's assuring AFM approval of visa petitions Marcalan submitted on behalf of alien bandleaders.
Arturo Guerra promoted Latin American dances and brought Latin American musicians to the United States from January 1973 up to the time of the Bloch/Rivera trial. On eleven separate occasions, Guerra paid $500 and $750 in cash to Bloch and Rivera in exchange for an assurance of approved visa petitions without enforcement of the AFM "one to one" agreement. In 1977, Guerra agreed to cooperate with an FBI investigation by wearing a body tape recorder at his next meeting with Rivera. On September 13, 1977, in Guerra's office, Guerra gave Rivera two $50 bills which were placed inside an airline ticket jacket. The conversation between Guerra and Rivera was recorded and introduced at trial.
Appellants contend that the government should have been precluded from charging them with conspiracy because the alleged conspiracy resulted in substantive crimes which were charged in the same indictment. It is clear, however, that a conspiracy to commit a substantive offense and the commission of the substantive offense itself are separate and distinct offenses. Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 643, 66 S.Ct. 1180, 1181, 90 L.Ed. 1489 (1946). Thus, the district court did not err in convicting appellants of both conspiracy to demand and accept illegal payments and the substantive offense of demanding and accepting illegal payments.
Appellants also contend that the evidence does not show a single conspiracy extending from 1968 to 1977, but rather two conspiracies, one involving the payments by Karlin from 1968 to 1973, and a second involving the payments by Guerra from 1973 to 1977. Appellants argue that prosecution for the first conspiracy was barred by the statute of limitations.
The standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence of a single conspiracy is whether any rational trier of fact could have found a single conspiracy on the evidence presented. United States v. Kenny, 645 F.2d 1323, 1335 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 920, 101 S.Ct. 3059, 69 L.Ed.2d 425 (1981). The standard for determining the existence of a single conspiracy is whether there was "one overall agreement" among the parties to carry out the objectives of the conspiracy. United States v. Kearney, 560 F.2d 1358, 1362 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 971, 98 S.Ct. 522, 54 L.Ed.2d 460 (1977); accord United States v. Jabara, 618 F.2d 1319 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 987, 100 S.Ct. 2973, 64 L.Ed.2d 845 (1980); United States v. Zemek, 634 F.2d 1159 (9th Cir.1980).
In the instant case, the conspiracy involved the same scheme, the same central actors, the same activities, and the same goals. The conspiracy thus consisted of "one overall agreement" between appellants to use their positions with Local 47 to demand payments from promoters and employers seeking visas for Latin American musicians in exchange for ignoring violations of union rules and agreements.
A single overall agreement need not be manifested by continuous activity. There may be a suspension of activities which does not divide a single conspiracy into more than one. United States v. Krasn, 614 F.2d 1229, 1236 (9th Cir.1980). The period between the payments from Karlin and the payments from Guerra does not show a termination of the first conspiracy, but at most a suspension of conspiratorial activity. Furthermore, a conspiracy is presumed to continue until there is affirmative evidence of abandonment, withdrawal, disavowal, or defeat of the purposes of the conspiracy. Id. No such affirmative evidence was presented in this case.
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