U.S. v. Brandt, 82-5436

• Decision Date: 15 September 1983
• Docket Number: No. 82-5436,82-5436
• Citation: 717 F.2d 955
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. George David BRANDT, et al., Norman Brown, III, et al., Defendants, Joseph Thurman McAdams, et al., Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 955

717 F.2d 955

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. George David BRANDT, et al., Norman Brown, III, et al., Defendants Joseph Thurman McAdams, et al., Defendants-Appellants.

No. 82-5436.

United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit.

Argued March 17, 1983.

Decided Sept. 15, 1983.

Richard L. Winchester, Jr. (argued), Winchester, Huggins, Charlton, Leake, Brown & Slater, Memphis, Tenn., for defendants-appellants.

W. Hickman Ewing, Jr., U.S. Atty., Michael Speros, Asst. U.S. Atty., Memphis, Tenn., S. Jonathan Blackmer, Lead Counsel (argued), Donald A. Carr, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before ENGEL and KRUPANSKY, Circuit Judges, and ALDRICH, District Judge. ^*

PER CURIAM.

This is an appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee in which the defendants-appellants challenge their convictions under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (Act), 16 U.S.C. Sec. 703 et seq.

The factual background of this controversy is not disputed. In September of 1978, two groups of hunters, the "Holt Group" and the "Brown Group", were served with citations charging them with violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The citations alleged that defendants had hunted doves on a "baited area" in the Western District of Tennessee in violation of a regulation promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior. The charges carried a maximum penalty of a $500 fine and six months imprisonment.

Defendants consented to trial before a United States Magistrate and trial of the Holt Group commenced on November 20, 1978. At the close of the Government's case in chief, the Magistrate dismissed the charges, concluding that the regulation which defendants were alleged to have violated, 50 C.F.R. Sec. 20.21(i), was unconstitutionally vague. Thereafter, the Magistrate granted the Brown Group's pretrial motions to dismiss.

The government sought review of the rulings in the district court. The district court, upon consolidating the cases, overruled the Magistrate's determination that the regulation was unconstitutionally vague. The actions were thereupon remanded to the Magistrate. Trials were conducted and each defendant found guilty. The district court affirmed the convictions and this appeal ensued.

The Migratory Bird Treaty Act authorizes the Secretary of the Interior "to determine when, and to what extent, if at all, and by what means, it is compatible with the terms of the conventions [between the United States and several countries relating to the protection of migrating birds] to allow hunting ... of any such bird ... and to adopt suitable regulations permitting and governing the same ..." 16 U.S.C. Sec. 704. ¹ Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary promulgated 50 C.F.R. Sec. 20.21, which provides, in pertinent part:

Migratory birds on which open seasons are prescribed in this part may be taken by any method except those prohibited in this section. No person shall take migratory game birds.

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(i) By the aid of baiting, or on or over any baited area. As used in this paragraph, "baiting" shall mean the placing, exposing, depositing, distributing, or scattering of shelled, shucked, or unshucked corn, wheat or other grain, salt, or other feed so as to constitute for such birds a lure, attraction or enticement to, on, or over any areas where hunters are attempting to take them; and "baited area" means any area where shelled, shucked, or unshucked corn, wheat or other grain, salt, or other feed whatsoever capable of luring, attracting, or enticing such birds is directly or indirectly placed, exposed, deposited, distributed, or scattered; and such area shall remain a baited area for 10 days following complete removal of all such corn, wheat or other grain, salt, or other feed. However, nothing in this paragraph shall prohibit:

(1) The taking of all migratory game birds, including waterfowl, on or over standing crops, flooded standing crops (including aquatics), flooded harvested croplands, grain crops properly shocked on the field where grown, or grains found scattered solely as the result of normal agricultural planting or harvesting; and

(2) The taking of all migratory game birds, except waterfowl, on or over any lands where shelled, shucked, or unshucked corn, wheat or other grain, salt, or other feed has been distributed or scattered as the result of bona fide agricultural operations or procedures, or as a result of manipulation of a crop or other feed on the land where grown for wildlife management purposes: Provided, That manipulation for wildlife management purposes does not include the distributing or scattering of grain or other feed once it has been removed from or stored on the field where grown;

The appellants' sole contention on appeal is that the exceptions relating to "normal agricultural planting or harvesting" and "bona fide agricultural operations or procedures" are so vague that they fail to "give the person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited, so that he may act accordingly." Grayned v. City of Rockford 408 U.S. 104, 109, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 2299, 33 L.Ed.2d 222 (1972). ² Testimony adduced at trial did indicate that agricultural practices vary widely with respect to seeding of fields and thus appellants argue that it is impossible to determine what practices are considered "normal" or "bona fide".

However, this Court's construction of the regulation, as explained below, compels the conclusion that application of the exceptions in issue does not require a court or a hunter to engage in a technical inquiry to determine the boundaries of accepted agrarian practices. Rather, the pertinent probative inquiry should be directed to determining the intent of the person seeding the land.

A specific examination of the regulation elucidates this construction. First, the regulation seeks to preclude the taking of migratory birds which have been intentionally lured to an area by bait. However, migratory birds are also attracted to grain and other feed which is distributed in the ordinary course of farming activities. The Secretary apparently determined that the taking of migratory birds over areas to which the birds are attracted as a natural and ordinary consequence of agricultural practices is compatible with this country's obligations under the various migratory bird treaties.

Accordingly, the Secretary provided that the taking of game birds over "grains found scattered as a result of normal agricultural planting or harvesting" is not prohibited. The Secretary's intent is not to distinguish between orthodox and unorthodox farming practices, but to distinguish between areas to which birds are attracted as a consequence of farming, and areas to which birds are intentionally lured by baiting.

There may be, as the testimony would indicate, many diverse methods for planting and harvesting, but, clearly, "normal agricultural planting or harvesting" has as its primary goal the growth and harvesting of a crop--not the enticement of migratory birds. Hence, the phrase "normal agricultural planting or harvesting" means planting or harvesting undertaken for the purpose of producing and gathering a crop.

Of course, a farmer may also be a hunter and, in engaging in agricultural activities, he would certainly realize, and perhaps even hope, that one of the results of his activities would be the enticement of birds. In such a case, the relevant inquiry would be whether the farmer's desire to attract birds caused him to initiate measures he would not otherwise have taken in the production of his crops.

A similar construction is appropriate for the phrase "bona fide agricultural operations or...