U.S.A v. Bridgewater
| Decision Date | 04 January 2011 |
| Docket Number | No. 09-14790,D. C. Docket No. 07-00058-CR-3-MCR,09-14790 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ANTHONY ALEXANDER BRIDGEWATER, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit |
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
Before BARKETT, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
In a prior appeal, we affirmed Anthony Bridgewater's convictions butvacated his sentences because the Government did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that two prior felony drug convictions were separate offenses for purposes of an enhanced sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). On remand, the court sentenced Bridgewater to life imprisonment on counts 1 and 2, 438 months on count 3, and 120 months on count 4, all to run concurrent with each other.
Bridgewater now appeals the reimposition of those sentences, raising four issues on appeal. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
Bridgewater first argues that the district court erroneously permitted the Government to present additional evidence at his resentencing. This argument, however, has no merit because the general vacatur in Bridgewater's prior appeal allowed for resentencing de novo. See United States v. Martinez, 606 F.3d 1303, 1304 (11th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted) ("[A] general vacatur of a sentence by default allows for resentencing de novo"); United States v. Jones, 36 F.3d 1068, 1070 (11th Cir. 1994) (per curiam) (quotation omitted) ("Once a sentence has been vacated or a finding related to sentencing has been reversed and the case has been remanded for resentencing, the district court can hear any relevant evidence on that issue that it could have heard at the first hearing."). Accordingly, the Government was allowed to present additional evidence at Bridgewater's resentencing hearing.
Bridgewater next argues that the Government failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that Bridgewater qualified for a life sentence under § 841(b)(1)(A). Arguing his prior drug convictions were not separate offenses, but one criminal episode, Bridgewater claims the district court erred in imposing a mandatory life sentence for counts 1 and 2. "Because the question of whether prior convictions were related or unrelated for purposes of section 841(b)(1)(A) involves a factual inquiry, we review the district court's decision for clear error." United States v. Rice, 43 F.3d 601, 606 (11th Cir. 1995).
Section 841(b)(1)(A) provides for a mandatory term of life imprisonment for a defendant who was previously convicted of two or more felony drug offenses. § 841(b)(1)(A). "[I]f the prior convictions resulted from acts forming a single criminal episode, then they should be treated as a single conviction for sentence enhancement under section 841(b)(1)(A)." Rice, 43 F.3d at 605 (citation omitted). However, "convictions which occur on different occasions or are otherwise distinct in time may be considered separate offenses under section 841(b)(1)(A)." Id. at 608. Thus, convictions are not "related" if they are "separate in time and locale" and "requir[e] separate planning and execution." Id.
On remand, the Government presented evidence that showed Bridgewatersuccessfully completed the first sale of cocaine before he engaged in the second sale. The two offenses were separate in time, if only by thirty-six minutes. In Bridgewater's prior appeal, we vacated and remanded because it was unclear what happened in the thirty-six minutes between the two cocaine sales. United States v. Bridgewater, 333 Fed. App'x 470, 474 (11th Cir. 2009). In particular, we thought it was plausible that the second sale was simply a continuation of the first. Id.
On remand, the Government adequately proved that the first transaction was independent from the second transaction. A deputy who participated in the investigation of curbside crack cocaine sales in December 1992 testified on remand. He stated that the undercover officers had $150 to spend on drugs, and that they were tasked with buying $20-$30 hits of cocaine from as many different individuals as possible. In the first transaction, the officers purchased $30 of cocaine from Bridgewater. Those same officers then bought drugs from two different individuals before making the second purchase from Bridgewater. The district court also found that in the recording of the second transaction, Bridgewater asked "you want another 30?" Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in finding that the two cocaine sales were two distinct offenses for purposes of § 841(b)(1)(A).
Third, Bridgewater argues the district court lacked jurisdiction to enhance his sentence for count 2 because of a defect in the Government's notice of enhancement under 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1). He thus contends that his sentence on count 2 should be vacated. We review de novo the adequacy of a § 851 notice of enhancement. United States v. Ramirez, 501 F.3d 1237, 1239 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam).
In order for a district court to impose an enhanced sentence based on a defendant's prior conviction or convictions for a felony drug offense under § 841(b)(1)(A), the government must file an information "stating in writing the previous convictions to be relied upon." § 851(a)(1). We require strict compliance with the procedural and substantive requirements of § 851(a)(1). United States v. Rutherford, 175 F.3d 899, 904 (11th Cir. 1999). "[U]nless the government strictly complies, the district court lacks jurisdiction to impose the enhanced sentence." Ramirez, 501 F.3d at 1239.
Bridgewater argues the Government failed to comply strictly with the requirements of § 851(a)(1) because the notice of enhancement referenced only § 841(b)(1)(A)(vii), which was applicable to count 1, but failed to reference § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii), which was applicable to count 2. We disagree. Section 851 requires notice of the prior convictions the government intends to rely upon inseeking an enhancement. See § 851(a)(1). It does not require notice of the particular crimes the government wishes to enhance. The notice of enhancement in this case correctly identified the defendant's prior convictions, giving Bridgewater an opportunity to contest them. Thus, the notice was sufficient for the purposes of § 851(a)(1) and did not deprive the district court of...
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