U.S. v. Calderon, 79-1450

• Decision Date: 05 May 1980
• Docket Number: No. 79-1450,79-1450
• Citation: 618 F.2d 88
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Demetrio Alvarez CALDERON, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 88

618 F.2d 88

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Demetrio Alvarez CALDERON, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 79-1450.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

May 5, 1980.

William B. Terry, Goodman, Oshins, Brown & Singer, Las Vegas, Nev., for defendant-appellant.

Alan R. Freedman, Asst. U. S. Atty., Las Vegas, Nev., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

Before TRASK and GOODWIN, Circuit Judges, and LARSON, ^* District Judge.

TRASK, Circuit Judge:

On December 14, 1978, a Federal grand jury sitting in Las Vegas, Nevada returned a three-count indictment against appellant Demetrio Alvarez Calderon and another man, Daniel Marlmon, charging them with fraud by wire in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343, ¹ and with aiding and abetting in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2. ²

Preliminary motions were denied and the matter went to trial on May 15, 1979. The prosecutorial error which led to appellant's motion for mistrial, occurred in the course of the prosecutor's opening statement. During its course, the government's attorney told the jury explicitly what the testimony would be that he would rely on during his case, the names of the witnesses, and the testimony they would relate. The defense made no objection to these opening remarks. The United States Attorney concluded his remarks and the defense attorney reserved his right to make an opening statement until the close of the government's case. The case proceeded with the taking of testimony and the court ruled that portions of the testimony which the prosecutor referred to in his opening statement were inadmissible hearsay.

The defendant moved for a mistrial on the ground that the prosecutor's opening statement was prejudicial. This motion was granted after defendant rested his case. Defendant then called upon the court to dismiss the indictment based upon double jeopardy grounds. The district court denied defendant's double jeopardy motion.

It is undisputed that a denial of a defendant's claim of former jeopardy is a final decision from which an appeal is proper. See Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 662, 97 S.Ct. 2034, 2041, 52 L.Ed.2d 651 (1977); Moroyoqui v. United States, 570 F.2d 862, 864 (9th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 997, 98 S.Ct. 1651, 56 L.Ed.2d 86 (1978). Consequently, this court has jurisdiction over this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

In arguing that his indictment should be dismissed, the defendant contends that the prosecutor knew or should have known that some of the evidence he presented to the jury in his opening statement would be inadmissible. The government responds that any error in judgment on its part was not of such an egregious nature that it ought to bar retrial. The appropriate test for determining whether a prosecutorial error which results in a successful defense motion for a mistrial triggers the protections of the double jeopardy clause was enunciated by this court in Moroyoqui v. United States, supra. In Moroyoqui, we stated:

A motion for a mistrial by the defendant normally serves to remove any barrier to reprosecution. Such is not the case, however, when the prosecutor has through bad faith or overreaching "goaded" the defendant into requesting a mistrial.

Moroyoqui, supra, 570 F.2d at 864. See also, United States v. Sanders, 591 F.2d 1293, 1296 n.4 (9th Cir. 1979) ("reprosecution may be barred if the motion was induced by prosecutorial misconduct 'intentionally calculated to trigger the declaration of a mistrial.' "). The district court made no express findings with regard to bad faith or overreaching. Implicit in its denial of defendant's motion, however, is the district court's belief that the prosecutor's conduct in this case was not so knowingly prejudicial as to trigger double jeopardy protections. We...