U.S. v. Calhoun
| Decision Date | 28 January 1982 |
| Docket Number | 80-5109,Nos. 80-5108,s. 80-5108 |
| Citation | 669 F.2d 923 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Roy CALHOUN, Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Joseph MINOGLIO, Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit |
Gerald A. Kroop, Baltimore, Md. (Neil W. Steinhorn, Gerald A. Kroop, P. A., Baltimore, Md., on brief), for appellants.
David D. Queen, Asst. U. S. Atty., Baltimore, Md. (J. Frederick Motz, U. S. Atty., Catherine C. Blake, Asst. U. S. Atty., Baltimore, Md., on brief), for appellee.
Before WINTER, Chief Judge, PHILLIPS, and MURNAGHAN, Circuit Judges.
Appellants Calhoun and Minoglio challenge their jury convictions for conspiracy and racketeering activities in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961, 1962(d), 1963 (1970). Three issues were raised on appeal: (1) insufficiency of the evidence to establish an "effect on interstate commerce"; (2) insufficiency of the evidence of Minoglio's guilt; and (3) suppressibility of taped conversations with Baltimore police officers under the Massiah doctrine. We find these contentions to be without merit and therefore affirm the convictions.
As counsel for appellants conceded at oral argument, the first issue was recently decided adversely to appellants' position by this court in United States v. Griffin, 660 F.2d 996 at pp. 998-999 and n.3 (4th Cir. 1981). We also do not tarry over the second issue, since the trial testimony of various police officers and tape transcriptions of meetings with one Sidney Allen, an associate of Calhoun and Minoglio, fully support the jury's verdict of Minoglio's guilt.
Discussion of the Massiah issue requires review of the factual background. As a result of a May 1978 raid by Baltimore police on one of Calhoun's bookmaking establishments, Calhoun was arrested and tried for violations of Maryland gambling laws (bookmaking, possession of flash paper, maintaining a house for a common nuisance). During Calhoun's appearances at the Baltimore City Courthouse in connection with those state charges on November 15, 1978, February 8, 1979, and March 1, 1979, Calhoun talked with two city vice squad officers, Klein and Kinkead, who had participated in the May 1978 raid. Both officers wore concealed electronic recording devices. The officers also surreptitiously recorded conversations with Calhoun and Minoglio, respectively, at a Baltimore restaurant on December 6, 1978, and August 31, 1979.
The tape recorders had been placed on the officers in connection with a large-scale coordinated federal-state investigation of the Calhoun-Minoglio bookmaking operations. That investigation began soon after the officers were contacted on August 23, 1978, by Allen, who offered them monthly payments in exchange for protection of certain telephone numbers to be supplied them from time to time by Allen. Receiving a report of the attempted bribe, the officers' superiors decided to install the tape recorders and to allow the FBI to monitor the tapes. Payoffs were regularly made by Allen from September 1978 to December 1979, when Calhoun and Minoglio (and others) were federally indicted and arrested for facilitating their illegal gambling operations through corruption, bribery, and attempted bribery of Baltimore City police officers.
The federal racketeering offense was bribery; the challenged tapes were made during the "investigatory" phase of the RICO case. Although appellants seek to argue to the contrary, the "accusatory" phase of the state gambling case against Calhoun was not inextricably intertwined with the undercover federal bribery investigation, even though it partially overlaps the state case in time span. The conversations were not being recorded in order to gather information about the May 1978 raid which underlay the state charges against Calhoun, nor were...
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