U.S. v. Caudle

• Citation: 828 F.2d 1111
• Decision Date: 08 October 1987
• Docket Number: 86-1754,Nos. 86-1753,s. 86-1753
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Terry Wilson CAUDLE, Defendant-Appellee. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Katherine CLARK, Mark Creech, James Edward Mitchell, Joel Jack Pincus, and Glenn Alan Teague, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)

Page 1111

828 F.2d 1111

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Terry Wilson CAUDLE, Defendant-Appellee.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Katherine CLARK, Mark Creech, James Edward Mitchell, Joel

Jack Pincus, and Glenn Alan Teague, Defendants-Appellees.

Nos. 86-1753, 86-1754.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Oct. 8, 1987.

Mervyn Hamburg, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Crim. Div., Appellate Section, Washington, D.C., Marvin Collins, U.S. Atty., for U.S.

Steven P. Anderson, (court appointed), Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, Dallas, Tex., Thomas W. Mills, Jr., Vial, Hamilton, Koch & Knox, Dallas, Tex., for defendant-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.

Before THORNBERRY, GARWOOD, and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judges:

THORNBERRY, Circuit Judge:

This case consolidates appeals in two criminal cases involving a total of seven defendants. All defendants were charged with several counts relating to the distribution of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA or Ecstasy. The district court dismissed the indictments against the defendants and the government appealed. We affirm.

I.

The facts relevant to these appeals are clear. No. 86-1753 originated when the government obtained indictments against defendant Caudle and a co-defendant charging them with several counts relating to the distribution of MDMA. The indictments covered conduct from July 7, 1985 to July 9, 1985. No. 86-1754 originated when the government obtained indictments against five defendants charging them with offenses similar to Caudle's. The indictments in the second case covered conduct from July 1 to July 29, 1985. On September 22, 1986, the district court in a single memorandum and order dismissed all indictments and the government appealed.

The government asserts that the defendants' conduct was illegal because the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), beginning on July 1, 1985, had temporarily added MDMA to Schedule I, the list of drugs most strictly controlled by the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. Secs. 801-904. Under that Act, the DEA, ¹ by following a detailed and time consuming procedure, may add drugs permanently to the five schedules. The power to add new drugs temporarily to Schedule I was granted in 1984 when Congress amended the Controlled Substances Act adding subsection 811(h). The procedure required for temporary scheduling is far less involved than that required for permanent scheduling. For temporary scheduling, the Attorney General first must find that a substance poses an "imminent hazard to the public safety." He then must publish a notice in the Federal Register indicating his intention to issue an order adding the substance temporarily to Schedule I. The order itself may not be issued before the expiration of thirty days after the publication of the notice. 21 U.S.C. Sec. 811(h)(1).

On May 31, 1985, the DEA attempted to use subsection 811(h) to add MDMA to Schedule I. ² The government admits, however, that the DEA failed to follow the exact statutory procedure. The DEA never issued a separate order thirty days after the notice, as required by the statute. Instead, the notice itself, published on May 31, 1985, included an order placing MDMA on Schedule I on July 1, 1985 "unless the Acting Administrator gives notice in the Federal Register that this order is rescinded prior to July 1, 1985." 50 Fed.Reg. 22119 (1985). ³

II.

Subsection 811(h) specifically provides that the order placing a drug temporarily on Schedule I "may not be issued before the expiration of thirty days from ... the date of the publication by the Attorney General of a notice in the Federal Register of the intention to issue such order and the grounds upon which such order is to be issued." 21 U.S.C. Sec. 811(h). In this case, the government concededly issued the order scheduling MDMA at the same time as the notice. Therefore, that order was ineffective and the indictments against the defendants were properly dismissed. The defendants clearly could not be indicted for distributing a drug that was not placed on the list of controlled substances.

The government offers two reasons in support of its argument that the DEA succeeded in temporarily scheduling MDMA even though it failed to follow the procedure specified by Congress. First, the government points out that the order by its own terms did not become effective for more than thirty days. As a result, the defendants had adequate notice of the impending criminality of their conduct, and they suffered no prejudice from the DEA's deviation from the proper procedure. But the question in this case is not whether the defendants suffered prejudice; it is whether the government succeeded in creating an offense. The DEA's mistaken procedure may well have provided adequate notice, but that is no guarantee that it also met whatever other goals Congress had in mind when it decided on a procedure. For example, the thirty day waiting period might have been intended to ensure that the Attorney General continue deliberating the propriety of the addition to Schedule I. Once the Attorney General issues an order--even an order that does not go into effect for thirty days--he is less likely to engage in that deliberation.

The government also contends in its brief that the legislative history of subsection 811(h) evidences an intention that the DEA should not be bound by the precise procedures.

Nothing contained in the legislative history of 21 U.S.C. 811 reflected a desire on the part of Congress to excuse violators because the DEA had failed to issue a second order that essentially would have confirmed what the public already knew: that as of July 1, 1985, MDMA was a prohibited substance.

In a related point the government notes the general congressional intention "to turn the screw of the criminal machinery--detection, prosecution and punishment--tighter and tighter." Id. (quoting Gore v. United States, 357 U.S. 386, 390, 78 S.Ct. 1280, 1283, 2 L.Ed.2d 1405 (1958)). These general statements about legislative history, unsupported by any specific language supporting the government's position, however, provide insufficient reason to disregard the plain language of the statute. See, e.g., Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 184 n. 29, 98 S.Ct. 2279, 2296 n. 29, 57 L.Ed.2d 117 (1978) ("When confronted with a statute which is plain and unambiguous on its face, we ordinarily do not look to legislative history as a guide to its meaning."); American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. I.C.C., 659 F.2d 452, 458-59 (5th Cir. Unit A Oct. 1981) (the starting point of statutory interpretation is the statute itself; extrinsic aids are not necessary if the statutory language resolves the issue), opinion clarified on other issues, 666 F.2d 167 (5th Cir.1982). Of course, if the unambiguous meaning of a statute is "plainly at variance with the policy of the legislation as a...