U.S. v. Clark, 83-2422

• Decision Date: 04 October 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-2422,83-2422
• Citation: 743 F.2d 1255
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Dennis Lee CLARK, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 1255

743 F.2d 1255

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Dennis Lee CLARK, Appellant.

No. 83-2422.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted April 9, 1984.

Decided Sept. 12, 1984.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc

Denied Oct. 4, 1984.

Scott F. Tilsen, Asst. Federal Public Defender, D. Minn., Minneapolis, Minn., for appellant.

James M. Rosenbaum, U.S. Atty. by Thorwald Anderson, Jr., Asst. U.S. Atty., D. Minn., Minneapolis, Minn., Shari L. LePage, Legal Intern, for appellee.

Before ROSS, ARNOLD and FAGG, Circuit Judges.

FAGG, Circuit Judge.

Dennis Lee Clark appeals from his two-count conviction for obstruction of correspondence. Clark contends that the postal inspectors who arrested him did so without probable cause and thus the search of his person conducted incident to arrest violated his fourth amendment rights. We affirm.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Clark was arrested without warrant and searched incident to arrest on May 10, 1983. He was subsequently charged in a five-count indictment with obstruction of correspondence in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1702. Clark pled not guilty to the charges and filed a motion to suppress evidence, claiming a violation of his fourth amendment rights. A hearing was held before a magistrate and the magistrate recommended that the motion to suppress be denied. Clark then entered a conditional plea of guilty to two of the five counts in district court, specifically reserving his right to appeal an adverse determination of his pretrial motion to suppress. Following Clark's plea the district court adopted the magistrate's recommendation and denied the motion to suppress. We uphold the denial of Clark's motion to suppress and affirm his conviction.

FACTS

The record evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, as it must be in reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, United States v. Massey, 687 F.2d 1348, 1356 (10th Cir.1982); United States v. Jackson, 652 F.2d 244, 246 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1057, 102 S.Ct. 605, 70 L.Ed.2d 594 (1981), reveals the following facts.

Clark was employed as a mail sorter by the Courage Center, a non-profit rehabilitation center for the physically disabled in Golden Valley, Minnesota. His job assignment, along with that of one other Courage Center employee, involved the opening and sorting of mail for Courage Center residents. Clark was also responsible for returning misaddressed letters to the post office.

In response to a report from the Courage Center's office and personnel manager that the center was not receiving all of the charitable contributions being mailed to it, Postal Inspectors Thomas Rucke and Mike George conducted an investigation. On the morning of May 10, 1983, the inspectors sent a test letter, addressed to a non-resident and containing currency, to the Courage Center. Later that day, the postal inspectors conducted a search of the mailroom and the sack of mail being returned to the post office in an attempt to locate the test letter. After failing to locate the test mailing, the inspectors decided to interview Clark.

Clark was interviewed in a vacant office on the second floor of the Courage Center. At the outset of the interview, Clark was advised of his Miranda rights and informed that he was not under arrest nor was he obligated to answer the inspectors' questions. Clark was also told that he could terminate the questioning. The interview was conducted in conversational tones. The officers did not threaten Clark, touch him, or display weapons. At no time during the interview did Clark give the officers any indication that he wanted to terminate the questioning, talk to a lawyer, or leave the room.

The inspectors questioned Clark with respect to mailroom procedures and with respect to his knowledge of the missing test letters. Clark admitted awareness of the fact that mail was missing, but insisted he was not responsible. The inspectors showed Clark a photocopy of the test mailing, and upon their doing so, Clark became very nervous. Clark was asked to reveal the contents of his pockets. He refused to do so unless he was under arrest. He asked the inspectors if he was under arrest and he was again informed that he was not.

After Clark refused to reveal the contents of his pockets, Inspector George left the room to phone for instructions on how to proceed. Clark requested on one or two occasions to make a telephone call to the Golden Valley Police Department for the announced purpose of having that department place him under arrest so the inspectors could search him. There was a telephone in the room where the interview was taking place. Inspector Rucke informed Clark that Inspector George was using the line on another extension and that Clark could use the telephone later. According to Clark, as he stood up and headed toward the telephone, Inspector Rucke told him, "Sit down. You can use the phone later." Clark was not intimidated by the officer's remarks. According to Clark, since the officers "had told me that they were finished questioning me, [I felt] that I had the right to leave, because I was not under arrest."

Inspector Rucke testified that while waiting for Inspector George to complete his telephone call and return with instructions, Clark "suddenly got up [and] ran toward a back door." As he departed, Clark shoved a chair in front of Inspector Rucke. As Clark headed toward the door, Inspector Rucke got out of his chair and moved around a table toward Clark. Clark ran out of the Courage Center and was pursued on foot by Inspector Rucke and the Courage Center's personnel director. He was eventually located in the intensive care unit of a nearby hospital. Inspector Rucke and Clark returned to the office at which time Clark was formally arrested and searched incident to arrest. A two dollar bill that had been placed in the test letter was located on Clark's person.

DISCUSSION

Postal Service officials are authorized to make warrantless arrests "if they have reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing" a felony. 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3061(a)(3). "Reasonable grounds" is the equivalent of probable cause. United States v. Roberson, 650 F.2d 84, 86 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1100, 102 S.Ct. 675, 70 L.Ed.2d 642 (1981). See United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 415-16 n. 4, 96 S.Ct. 820, 823-824 n. 4, 46 L.Ed.2d 598 (1976).

On appeal, Clark maintains that the inspectors lacked probable cause to arrest him, and consequently, the search of his person cannot be justified as a search incident to a lawful arrest. The district court decided that the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the inspectors at the time of arrest supported a probable cause determination that Clark had committed a crime. The decision of the district court may not be set aside unless it is clearly erroneous. United States v. Everroad, 704 F.2d 403, 405 (8th Cir.1983); United States v. Childress, 721 F.2d 1148, 1150 (8th Cir.1982), aff'd on rehearing, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 744, 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984). Under the "clearly erroneous" standard of review, we must affirm the decision unless it lacks "substantial evidence to support it, it evolves from an erroneous view of the applicable law, or upon considering the entire record, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." United States v. Ross, 713 F.2d 389, 392 (8th Cir.1983).

Initially, we must determine when Clark was arrested in view of the fact the district court considered Clark's flight in making its probable cause determination. Clark contends that he was, in fact, arrested prior to his departure from the Courage Center. The government, on the other hand, contends that Clark was not under arrest until after his flight from the interview room, and consequently, it was appropriate for the district court to consider Clark's flight in making its probable cause determination. We agree with the government's position.

"[A]rrests are 'seizures' within the meaning of the fourth amendment * * *." United States v. Ilazi, 730 F.2d 1120, 1123 (8th Cir.1984). A police encounter constitutes a seizure "if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed he was not free to leave." I.N.S. v. Delgado, --- U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 1758, 1762, 80 L.Ed.2d 247 (1984) (quoting United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980)); see United States v. Sadosky, 732 F.2d 1388, 1392 (8th Cir.1984); United States v. Capers, 685 F.2d 249, 251 n. 3 (8th Cir.1982). The mere questioning of an individual, where the individual remains free to disregard the questions and walk away, does not constitute a fourth amendment seizure. See United States v. Mendenhall, supra, 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S.Ct. at 1877; Dupree v. United States, 380 F.2d 233, 235 (8th Cir.1967). "Examples of circumstances that might indicate a seizure, even where the person did not attempt to leave, would be the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled." United States v. Mendenhall, supra, 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S.Ct. at 1877.

We conclude that Clark was not under arrest at the time of his flight from the Courage Center interview room. Initially we note that Inspectors Rucke and George took steps to ensure Clark that his liberty was not being restrained. Clark was interviewed on the Courage Center premises, he was informed on more than one occasion that he was not under arrest, and further, that he was not obligated to answer the postal inspectors' questions. The postal inspectors' questioning of Clark was friendly and non-accusatory. Significantly, Clark never stated that he did not want to...