U.S. v. Cruz, 84-5189

• Decision Date: 15 July 1985
• Docket Number: No. 84-5189,84-5189
• Citation: 765 F.2d 1020
• Parties: 19 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 610 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Leonicio Fernando CRUZ, Orlando Vincent Hernandez, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 1020

765 F.2d 1020

19 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 610

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Leonicio Fernando CRUZ, Orlando Vincent Hernandez,

Defendants-Appellants.

No. 84-5189.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

July 15, 1985.

Paul Morris, P.A., Miami, Fla., for O. Hernandez.

Louis Vernell, No. Miami Beach, Fla., for L. Cruz.

Stanley Marcus, U.S. Atty., Linnea Johnson, Linda Collins Hertz, Lee Stapleton, Nancy L. Worthington, Asst. U.S. Attys., Miami, Fla., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

Before KRAVITCH and HATCHETT, Circuit Judges, and THOMAS ^*, District Judge.

HATCHETT, Circuit Judge:

Appellants, Leonicio Fernando Cruz and Orlando Hernandez, challenge the admissibility of certain evidence and the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain their criminal convictions. We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In June, 1983, Alejandro Lage a/k/a Alejandra Perrera, a paid government informant, introduced Eddie Benitez, a special agent of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, to Eduardo Jaime Rouco. Benitez began conducting an undercover investigation of Rouco for weapons violations. On June 10, 1983, Rouco asked Benitez whether he was interested in purchasing a large quantity of cocaine. Rouco stated the cocaine belonged to a friend and agreed to arrange a meeting between Benitez and his friend.

On June 17, 1983, Benitez and Lage met Rouco at a restaurant. Cruz subsequently joined the meeting and told Benitez that he had a friend who would supply Benitez with the cocaine. After discussing the quantity, quality, and price of the cocaine, Cruz invited Benitez to accompany him to get a sample of the cocaine.

Cruz took Benitez to Hernandez's paint and body shop. Rouco and Lage remained at the restaurant. At Hernandez's shop, a small quantity of cocaine was given to Benitez as a sample of the cocaine which Benitez could expect to receive. Benitez, Cruz, and Hernandez discussed the purity of the cocaine and the date on which the transaction would occur. Hernandez instructed Benitez and Cruz returned to the restaurant and discussed the purity of the cocaine sample. When the meeting ended, Benitez met his supervising agent, James W. Pherson, and gave Pherson the cocaine sample and one of Hernandez's business cards. Pherson had been outside the restaurant conducting surveillance.

Benitez to telephone him later to confirm the fact that arrangements had been made for the sale.

On June 21, 1983, Benitez, Lage, and Jerry Castillo, an undercover special agent of the Drug Enforcement Administration, met with Rouco and Cruz to finalize the details of the cocaine transaction. Benitez introduced Castillo as his partner. After agreeing on a price and experiencing some disagreement as to where the transaction would occur, Rouco and Cruz began to suspect that Benitez and Castillo were federal agents. Cruz decided to "take a chance" with Benitez and Castillo and designated Hernandez's shop as the location for the transaction.

The group later met at Hernandez's shop. Cruz announced that within forty minutes he would receive a telephone call setting up the cocaine delivery. Minutes later Cruz left to get the cocaine. Shortly thereafter, Cruz telephoned the office and told Rouco that police vehicles were in the area, and in a second telephone call postponed the transaction until later that afternoon. Concerned by the change in plans and the possibility that their law enforcement status had been discovered, the agents cancelled the transaction. When Rouco informed Hernandez that the transaction would not be completed, Hernandez appeared upset.

In August, 1983, Cruz and Hernandez were arrested and charged with conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.A. Sec. 846 (West 1981), and distribution of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.A. Sec. 841(a)(1) (West 1981 and Supp.1985) and 18 U.S.C.A. Sec. 2 (West 1969). ¹ A jury found Cruz and Hernandez guilty as charged.

CONTENTIONS

The June 17 and June 21 conversations were in Spanish and recorded. The government prepared an English transcript of the June 17 conversations. ² Both the tape recording and the English transcript of the June 17 conversations were admitted into evidence. At the jury's request, the district court permitted the jury to consider both the tape recording and the transcript during its deliberations. Cruz contends that the district court abused its discretion by permitting the jury to consider the English transcript of the Spanish conversations.

By the time of trial, Benitez was deceased. Over defense objection, the district court permitted both Pherson and Castillo to testify as to whom Benitez had said had given him the cocaine. Cruz and Hernandez contend that the admission of Benitez's hearsay statements violated their sixth amendment right to confront the witnesses against them.

Additionally, Cruz and Hernandez argue that their convictions should be reversed because of insufficient evidence.

Thus, the issues which we address are: (1) the admissibility of the English transcript, (2) the alleged sixth amendment violation, and (3) the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the convictions.

DISCUSSION

I. Admissibility of Transcript

Cruz makes two arguments in support of his contention that the district court erred by admitting the English transcripts of the Spanish conversations into evidence. First, Cruz argues that the transcript should not have been admitted into evidence because of the unreliability inherent in translating foreign languages where many words are susceptible of different meanings. Second, Cruz contends that the jury necessarily considered the transcript as substantive evidence rather than as a mere aid for use in listening to the tapes. He argues that because the jurors did not understand Spanish they could not have relied upon the tape recording.

In United States v. Llinas, 603 F.2d 506, 509-10 (5th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1079, 100 S.Ct. 1030, 62 L.Ed.2d 762 (1980), we adopted as the proper procedure for challenging the accuracy of an English transcript of a conversation conducted in a foreign language, the procedure first outlined in United States v. Onori, 535 F.2d 938, 947-49 (5th Cir.1976). ³ The procedure has been delineated as follows:

Initially, the district court and the parties should make an effort to produce an 'official' or 'stipulated' transcript, one which satisfies all sides. If such an 'official' transcript cannot be produced, then each side should produce its own version of a transcript or its own version of the disputed portions. In addition, each side may put on evidence supporting the accuracy of its version or challenging the accuracy of the other side's version.

United States v. Wilson, 578 F.2d 67, 69-70 (5th Cir.1978), quoted in Llinas, 603 F.2d at 509.

The district court discussed this procedure with Cruz and offered Cruz an opportunity to submit his own version of the transcript. Cruz's failure to make use of this opportunity was a deliberate tactical decision. Cruz "cannot complain on appeal that the jury's fact-finding function was usurped when he failed to present evidence which would have aided the jurors in fulfilling that function." Llinas, 603 F.2d at 510. ⁴

Cruz's argument that a jury may not rely upon a transcript as substantive evidence is refuted by the case upon which he relies. In United States v. Onori, 535 F.2d 938, 947 (5th Cir.1976), the court held that "the use of a transcript as a guide is analogous to the use of expert testimony as a device aiding a jury in understanding other types of real evidence." Onori makes clear that transcripts may be used as substantive evidence

to aid the jury in determining the real issue presented, the content and meaning of the tape recordings.

It is therefore incorrect to think of the transcripts as simply an 'aid'--as better lighting fixtures in the courtroom would be an 'aid' to the jury's vision of witnesses--and not as evidence of any kind. They are evidence and, like other evidence, may be admitted for a limited purpose only.

Onori, 535 F.2d at 947.

Onori also points out the important role which limiting instructions play in guarding against the jury's misuse of transcripts. Onori, 535 F.2d at 949. The district court in this case cautioned the jury as follows:

What was said at the time it was recorded is what the real evidence is, the transcripts are not. They are merely to help you identify. But in this situation where we have a foreign language tape they also inevitably provide you content of the conversation as well.

In an effort to ensure that the jury relied upon the tape recording rather than upon the transcript, the district court went beyond giving a limiting instruction. The district court played the tape recording for the jury and had an interpreter signal the jury when it was appropriate to turn the pages of the transcript. This procedure enabled the jury to detect changes in voice modulation and note any hesitancies or other characteristics which might give meaning to the tape recording. Additionally, the district court assured Cruz that it would not routinely submit either the tape recording or the transcript to the jury for consideration during its deliberations, but would provide them for the jury only upon the jury's request. Under these circumstances, we hold that the English transcript was properly admitted and considered by the jury as substantive evidence.

II. Sixth Amendment Claim

Cruz and Hernandez contend that Benitez's statements as to the source of the cocaine sample constitute inadmissible hearsay, and that admission of the statements violated their sixth amendment right to confrontation.

The analysis of appellants' confrontation clause claim is governed by Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66, 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2539, 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980):

When a hearsay declarant...