U.S. v. Dacus, CA

• Decision Date: 18 December 1980
• Docket Number: No. CA,CA
• Citation: 634 F.2d 441
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Norman Lester DACUS, Nevada Land Builders, Inc., Green Saddle Ranch Co., Defendants-Appellants. 79-1043.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 441

634 F.2d 441

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Norman Lester DACUS, Nevada Land Builders, Inc., Green

Saddle Ranch Co., Defendants-Appellants.

No. CA 79-1043.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued Jan. 15, 1980.

Submitted March 17, 1980.

Decided Dec. 18, 1980.

Ruth L. Cohen, Asst. U. S. Atty., Las Vegas, Nev., for plaintiff-appellee.

John A. Greenman, Las Vegas, Nev., for defendants-appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

Before TRASK, TANG and FERGUSON, Circuit Judges.

TRASK, Circuit Judge:

Norman L. Dacus (Dacus) appeals from his conviction on thirteen counts of selling unregistered lots from a subdivision in violation of the Interstate Lands Sales Act (the Act), 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1). ¹ He is joined in his appeal by two corporate defendants which stand convicted of various counts of the same offense.

Between the spring of 1972 and the summer of 1977, Dacus, some other individuals and the two corporate defendants, offered and sold to members of the public a number of lots from various developments in Pahrump Valley, Nye County, Nevada. Dacus, individually and through his corporations, either owned or obtained brokerage rights to a number of parcels of land in the Pahrump Valley. During the period of the indictments, Dacus marketed the lots through one main office. He used a number of salesmen to show lots to prospective purchasers and advertised all eight development parcels in which he had ownership or brokerage interests under a common name, usually "Pahrump" or "Nevada Land Builders, Inc.". In the course of his sales business, Dacus employed the mails and various means of interstate transportation and communication.

None of the developments, which included (1) Green Saddle Ranch, (2) Roadrunner, (3) Green Valley Acres, (4) Spring Mountain Industrial Park, (5) Kimberly Place, (6) Conestoga Country Estates, (7) Western Village, and (8) Charleston Commercial Center, were ever registered as subdivisions with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The total number of lots in all the developments, as shown by plat maps admitted in evidence, exceeded 700.

Dacus first challenges the registration requirements of the Act as being unconstitutionally vague. He argues that the statute is so confusing that he was not put on notice that his conduct was prohibited. The registration requirement, 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1), plainly prohibits the use of interstate transportation or communication, or the mails, to sell or lease an unregistered lot in a subdivision. Dacus, however, argues that the statute's definition of "subdivision" made it unconstitutionally unclear whether his lots must be registered before sale. ²

The statutory provision which is the key to this dispute is the definition of "subdivision" which provides in pertinent part:

"(S)ubdivision" means any land, located in any State or in a foreign country, which is divided or proposed to be divided into fifty or more lots, whether contiguous or not, for the purpose of sale or lease as part of a common promotional plan and where subdivided land is offered for sale or lease by a single developer, or a group of developers acting in concert, and such land is contiguous or is known, designated or advertised as a common unit or by a common name such land shall be presumed, without regard to the number of lots covered by each individual offering, as being offered for sale or lease as part of a common promotional plan.

15 U.S.C. § 1701(3). The definition has two basic elements: (1) there must be 50 or more lots; and (2) the lots must be sold pursuant to a common promotional plan. Although "common promotional plan" is not defined, the statute does provide that a common promotional plan will be presumed if the lots are contiguous or are known or advertised as a unit or under a common name. Other means of proving a common promotional plan are not foreclosed.

Dacus' challenge to the constitutionality of this statute must fail for two reasons. First, whether or not a statute is unconstitutionally vague must be assessed in the context of the particular conduct to which it is being applied. United States v. National Dairy Products Corp., 372 U.S. 29, 83 S.Ct. 594, 9 L.Ed.2d 561 (1963); United States v. Bohonus, 628 F.2d 1167 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 100 S.Ct. 3026, 65 L.Ed.2d 1122 (1980). In the present case, there can be no doubt that the sales procedures employed by Dacus in disposing of the lands in his various subdivisions constituted a common promotional plan within the meaning of the statute. The lands were known collectively by one or two common names, were offered in aggregate newspaper advertisements, and were sold through one sales office by salesmen who had authority to sell parcels from any of the various developments and who would frequently show parcels from a number of developments to a single purchaser. Appellants' sales scheme falls easily within the ambit of the Act's regulation; the mere fact that appellants sold lots from a number of variously named developments does not avoid the Act's requirements. See Wiggins v. Lynn, 406 F.Supp. 338 (E.D.Tex.1975) (similar sales scheme involving 18 variously named developments constitutes sales of lots in a "subdivision" for purposes of 15 U.S.C. § 1701(3)).

Second, the statute does not appear constitutionally infirm on its face. A statute may be struck down for vagueness if it "fails to give a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice that his contemplated conduct is forbidden by the statute," Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156, 162, 92 S.Ct. 839, 843, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972), or if it "leaves the public uncertain as to the conduct it prohibits or leaves judges and jurors free to decide, without any legally fixed standards, what is prohibited and what is not in each particular case." Giacco v. Pennsylvania, 382 U.S. 399, 402-03, 86 S.Ct. 518, 520-21, 15 L.Ed.2d 447 (1966).

The structure of the subdivision definition contemplates that the existence of a common promotional plan may have to be proven if insufficient facts are established to trigger the statute's common promotional plan presumption. The statute was so construed in Dunaway v. Lewis, 554 P.2d 110, 112 (Okl.App.1976). The meaning of the term "common promotional plan" in the context of the subdivision definition is neither standardless nor vague. This Act gives people of ordinary intelligence fair notice of the sort of conduct which is prohibited. See United States v. Bohonus, supra.

Dacus next contends that the government failed to prove essential elements of the offense by neglecting to establish that there were 50 lots offered for sale on the date of each count of his indictment. This overstates the government's burden under the Act. In order to sustain a conviction for any given count, there need only be substantial evidence that each lot sold was one of 50 or more that could be associated as being part of the same common promotional plan. The other lots in the common promotional plan may have been sold already, or they may be only a gleam in the developer's eye. Neither circumstance avoids the statute's prohibition. It is only required that the parcels in the common promotional plan have been divided or that they are proposed to be divided into 50 or more lots.

We must next determine whether there was substantial evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the government, supporting the verdict as to each count of the indictment. See Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 469, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1941); United States v. Lincoln, 494 F.2d 833, 840 (9th Cir. 1974). ³

There was ample evidence from which the jury could have concluded that there was a common promotional plan involving more than 50 lots at the time of the lot sales on which most of the counts were based. There is evidence in the record which substantiates that Dacus' development plan encompassed over 50 lots by May of 1973, and over 700 lots by March of 1974. ⁴ Consequently, there is substantial evidence supporting the convictions of Dacus and the corporate defendants with regard to most of the counts of selling unregistered lots.

With regard to three of the counts on which Dacus and one of the corporate defendants were convicted, however, we are unable to find substantial evidence supporting the defendants' convictions. Counts 15, 16, and 17, were each based upon the sale of certain lots to a particular purchaser on July 25, 1972. The record is devoid of evidence that would establish that Dacus' "common promotional plan" involved 50 or more lots at that early date. The sales upon which the three counts were based were from three developments, Roadrunner, Kimberly Place, and Conestoga Country Estates. Although there may initially have been more than 50 lots in these subdivisions, individually or collectively, the record fails to establish the...