U.S. v. Daniels, 90-4061
Decision Date | 07 November 1991 |
Docket Number | No. 90-4061,90-4061 |
Citation | 948 F.2d 1033 |
Parties | 34 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 483 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Dennis L. DANIELS, Defendant-Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit |
Salvador Domingez (argued and briefed), Office of the U.S. Atty., Columbus, Ohio, for plaintiff-appellee.
Harry R. Reinhart (argued and briefed), Columbus, Ohio, for defendant-appellant.
Before MARTIN and NELSON, Circuit Judges; and JARVIS, District Judge. *
This is an appeal from a conviction and sentence for damaging a motor vehicle with reckless disregard for human life, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 33 and 2, and for using a firearm during a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c) and 2. The defendant argues, among other things, that the district court erred (1) in admitting evidence of uncharged misconduct pursuant to Rule 404(b), Fed.R.Evid., (2) in applying § 2A2.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines with respect to the violation of 18 U.S.C. § 33, and (3) in failing to grant a downward departure based upon the defendant's role in the offense. Because we find none of these contentions persuasive, and because we find the defendant's other arguments to be without merit, we shall affirm the conviction and the sentence imposed by the district court.
Defendant Dennis L. Daniels, a resident of Columbus, Ohio, was an employee of Greyhound Bus Lines. He was also a member of a labor union that was engaged in an acrimonious dispute with Greyhound. In March of 1990, after the union had declared a strike, Mr. Daniels met his girlfriend, Cathy Jenson, and her friend, Marcia Phipps, for lunch. Ms. Jenson spotted a revolver in the defendant's car and asked him what he was doing with a gun. Mr. Daniels told her, according to testimony presented at trial,
After they arrived at the restaurant, Mr. Daniels asked Ms. Phipps what county she lived in. When Ms. Phipps, who had recently moved to the Columbus area, answered "I think it's Franklin County," the defendant responded, "Oh, well, we are wanting somebody from Madison County or a county outside of Franklin County to call in a bomb threat." Ms. Phipps then asked, The defendant answered, "Greyhound."
On March 9, 1990, a car identified as the defendant's approached a Greyhound bus en route from Columbus to Cincinnati. 1 The car was occupied by two individuals, at least one of whom fired shots at the bus.
The defendant was subsequently named in a two-count indictment charging him with (1) damaging a motor vehicle with a reckless disregard for the safety of human life, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 33 and 2, and (2) using a firearm during a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c) and 2. After a three-day trial a jury returned a verdict of guilty on both counts.
A presentence report prepared by a probation officer recommended the following. With respect to Count One, the probation officer set the defendant's base offense level at 6, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K1.4, a section entitled "Arson; Property Damage By Use of Explosives." The officer also recommended an 18-level enhancement, pursuant to § 2K1.4(b)(1), because the defendant's actions created a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury. Based on a total offense level of 24 and a criminal history category of I, the officer recommended a sentencing range of 51-63 months for Count One. With respect to Count Two, the officer noted that 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) required a mandatory consecutive sentence of five years.
The district court rejected the portion of the presentence report relating to Count One. While noting that the Statutory Index listed § 2K1.4 ( ) and § 2B1.3 ( ) as the relevant sections for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 33, the court concluded that a more appropriate section would be § 2A2.2, entitled "Aggravated Assault." Applying this section to the facts at hand, the court set the defendant's base offense level at 15, imposed a two-level enhancement on the ground that the assault involved more than minimal planning, and imposed a second two-level enhancement because at least one of the passengers had sustained a bodily injury. Based on a total offense level of 19 and a criminal history category of I, the court set the sentencing range at 30-37 months. The court then sentenced the defendant to 30 months, the bottom of the range, to run consecutively with the five-year sentence required for Count Two. This appeal followed.
The defendant contends that the district court misapplied Rule 404(b), Fed.R.Evid., when it allowed Ms. Phipps and Ms. Jenson to testify about the plan to call in a bomb threat against Greyhound. We note that a trial judge's evidentiary decisions will not normally be reversed absent a clear showing of abuse of discretion. United States v. Hickey, 917 F.2d 901, 904 (6th Cir.1990).
Rule 404(b) provides as follows:
As we have noted elsewhere, this rule "is actually a rule of inclusion rather than exclusion, since only one use is forbidden and several permissible uses of such evidence are identified." United States v. Blankenship, 775 F.2d 735, 739 (6th Cir.1985); accord J. Weinstein and M. Berger, 2 Weinstein's Evidence p 404, at 404-52 (1990) ().
In the case at bar, the defendant's lunchtime conversation about a bomb threat was not offered to prove that he acted in conformity with his character; rather, it was offered to show that he possessed a specific intent to cause trouble for Greyhound during the strike. The existence of such an intent would obviously help establish the defendant's identity as the person who committed the offense with which he was charged. The district court's decision to admit the evidence does not represent a clear abuse of discretion.
The defendant also maintains that the district court erred in applying U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2 rather than § 2B1.3 with respect to the violation of 18 U.S.C. § 33 because § 2A2.2 was not listed in the relevant portion of the Statutory Index.
The Guidelines Manual explains that the Statutory Index "specifies the guideline section or sections ordinarily applicable to the statute of conviction." U.S.S.G. Appendix A, at A.1 (emphasis supplied). 2 The manual then gives the following direction:
Id. (Emphasis supplied.)
According to the version of the index in effect on March 9, 1990, the guidelines sections "ordinarily applicable" to a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 33 were § 2K1.4--a section entitled "Arson; Property Damage By Use of Explosives," which neither party argues should be applied here--and § 2B1.3, entitled "Property Damage or Destruction (Other than by Arson or Explosives)." The latter section provided as follows:
"(a) Base Offense Level: 4
(b) Specific Offense Characteristics
(1) If the loss exceeded $100, increase by the corresponding number of levels from the table in § 2B1.1.
(2) If the offense involved more than minimal planning, increase by 2 levels.
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