U.S. v. Dansker, 77-1751

• Decision Date: 24 January 1978
• Docket Number: No. 77-1751,No. 77-1752,Nos. 77-1751,No. 77-1761,No. 77-1753,J,No. 77-1762,77-1751,77-1752,77-1753,77-1761,77-1762,s. 77-1751
• Citation: 565 F.2d 1262
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America v. Norman DANSKER, Appellant inoseph Diaco, Steven Haymes, Warner Norton, Donald Orenstein, Nathan L. Serota, Andrew Valentine, Investors Funding Corporation of New York, and Valentine Electric Company. Appeal of Steven HAYMES, inAppeal of Donald ORENSTEIN, inAppeal of Joseph DIACO, inAppeal of Andrew VALENTINE and Valentine Electric Co., in/3 and 77-1761/2.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

Page 1262

565 F.2d 1262

UNITED STATES of America v. Norman DANSKER, Appellant in No. 77-1751, Joseph Diaco Steven Haymes, Warner Norton, Donald Orenstein, Nathan L Serota, Andrew Valentine, Investors Funding Corporation of New York, and Valentine Electric Company Appeal of Steven HAYMES, in No. 77-1752 Appeal of Donald ORENSTEIN, in No. 77-1753. Appeal of Joseph DIACO, in No. 77-1761. Appeal of Andrew VALENTINE and Valentine Electric Co., in No. 77-1762.

Nos. 77-1751/3 and 77-1761/2.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Argued Sept. 7, 1977.

Decided Oct. 28, 1977.

Certiorari Dismissed Jan. 24, 1978.

See 98 S.Ct. 905.

Gerald L. Shargel, Fischetti & Shargel, New York City, for appellant in No. 77-1751.

Alan M. Dershowitz, Cambridge, Mass., for appellant in No. 77-1752.

Richard A. Levin, Amster & Levin, Millburn, N. J., for appellant in No. 77-1753.

Frederic C. Ritger, Jr., South Orange, N. J., for appellant in No. 77-1761.

Edward Gasthalter, Hoffman, Pollok, Mass & Gasthalter, New York City, for appellant in No. 77-1762.

Jonathan L. Goldstein, U. S. Atty., John J. Barry, Chief, Appeals Division, Newark, N. J., for appellee.

Before ADAMS, VAN DUSEN and HUNTER, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

VAN DUSEN, Circuit Judge.

Appellants stand convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 1952, including bribing the Mayor of Fort Lee, New Jersey. ¹ On direct appeal, appellants raised for the first time claims that the prosecution had withheld exculpatory information in violation of the rule of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). This court at that time refrained from resolving the Brady claims, remitting the defendants to move in the first instance for a new trial before the trial judge. ² The case is now before this court on appeal from a June 3, 1977, order denying appellants' Motions For A New Trial and An Evidentiary Hearing and Discovery In Support of the Motions. ³ These appeals also challenge the trial judge's denial of motions for his disqualification and discovery and for resentencing. ⁴ We reverse the district court order in part and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

In United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976), the Court discussed the application of the Brady rule to three different situations of prosecutorial non-disclosure of exculpatory information where the information revealed that the prosecution countenanced perjured testimony, where the defense specifically requested the relevant evidence and where the defense made either a general request or none at all for exculpatory information. For each situation the Court prescribed a different standard of materiality giving rise to a duty of disclosure. See also United States v. McCrane, 547 F.2d 204 (3d Cir. 1976). Appellants' allegations of undisclosed evidence comprise two separate sets of information the so-called James Silver information and the so-called Anthony Carmanati information. This court has carefully tested both sides of allegations against the Agurs standards of materiality and accordingly resolves them differently.

The conflicting alleged statements of Silver to the prosecutor dictated the need for an evidentiary hearing in order to determine if some exculpatory evidence related to the bribery scheme might have been developed at trial. Silver accuses Arthur Sutton, the principal prosecution witness and an undisputed co-conspirator in the bribery scheme, of committing perjury ⁵ and he attributes to Sutton remarks seriously undermining his credibility. ⁶ Taking the Silver allegations as a whole, we have concluded that the trial judge erred in holding, without an evidentiary hearing, that there was no "reasonable likelihood" that the information would have affected the verdict, United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. at 103, 96 S.Ct. 2392. ^6a

However, considerable uncertainty surrounds the matter of just which allegations Silver communicated to the prosecution. The submitted record of written affidavits and documents is less than clear on this score. Prosecution affidavits, for example, deny pre-trial receipt of several of Silver's most telling allegations. See, e. g., affidavit of Bruce I. Goldstein at 563a-566a of the joint appendix. Thus, relevant facts surrounding the Silver allegations and their communication to the prosecution remained in dispute on the written record before the trial judge. In addition, Silver's own trustworthiness and credibility have been implicated by the conflicting affidavits and other evidence. Where the submission of written affidavits raises genuine issues of material fact and where, as here, the Brady claims involving Silver are neither frivolous nor palpably incredible, an evidentiary hearing should be conducted. ⁷ See Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 97 S.Ct. 1621, 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1977); Lee v. United States, 388 F.2d 737, 742 (9th Cir. 1968) (Stephens, J., concurring); 8A Moore's Federal Practice Par. 33.03(3) at 33-18 (2d ed. 1977). ⁸

The trial judge denied appellants' request for an evidentiary hearing in part because some of the defendants "deliberately determined not to reveal to the court at the time of trial" their knowledge of Silver. See United States v. Dansker, Opinion dated June 2, 1977 (Crim. No. 74-555, D.N.J.), reproduced at 1209a. Such a conclusion is not sufficiently supported by the present incomplete written record and must be reevaluated by the trial judge after the evidentiary hearing.

The written record reveals that former counsel for defendant Dansker interviewed James Silver, in the presence of their client, during and immediately after the trial in March 1975, but have been uncooperative in discussing with present counsel exactly what Silver told them during their interviews. At the evidentiary hearing, Dansker's former attorney should be subject to compulsory process for examination as to the information Silver communicated to them during the trial and the attorneys' reasons for not utilizing this information both on cross-examination of Sutton and as a basis for calling Silver as a witness at trial. Moreover, trial counsel for the other IFC defendants, Haymes and Orenstein, were informed of the Silver interviews during the trial ^8a and such counsel participated in the post-trial interview of Silver. Thus, trial counsel for each IFC defendant may be examined, particularly on their reasons for not informing the trial judge of Silver's existence during the trial and, at least, at the time of filing their post-trial motions for judgment of acquittal and for a new trial. ⁹ Alleged exculpatory information which becomes known to the defense at a time it could have been acted upon may cure prosecutorial non-disclosure in certain circumstances. See Brown v. United States, 556 F.2d 224 (3d Cir. 1977); United States v. Kaplan, 554 F.2d 577 (3d Cir. 1977); United States v. Harris, 498 F.2d 1164 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1069, 95 S.Ct. 655, 42 L.Ed.2d 665 (1974). The evidentiary hearing may reveal when, if at all, individual counsel and their clients learned about Silver's information and why they failed promptly to apprise the trial court of such information. Only after testimony on such matters has been heard can it be determined whether the prosecution's failure to disclose the Silver information was cured by defendants' acquisition of the information and subsequent inaction by their counsel. ¹⁰

Under these circumstances, we believe that the district court should have made available to defense counsel compulsory process for production of Mr. Silver and the following witnesses, as well as an evidentiary hearing for the relevant admissible testimony of such witnesses: ^10a

Jonathan Goldstein

Bruce Goldstein

Arthur Goldstein

Richard Shapiro

Arnold Bauman

Foster Wollen

Clyde Szuch

The motions for new trial of all appellants, except Joseph Diaco, see note 7, supra, should not be determined until after this evidentiary hearing.

We have pointed out in United States v. McCrane, 527 F.2d 906, 911 (3d Cir. 1975), vacated, 427 U.S. 909, 96 S.Ct. 3197, 49 L.Ed.2d 1202 (1976) (remanded for further consideration in light of United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976)), that all impeaching material need not be disclosed under Brady. ¹¹ There is nothing in Agurs or United States v. McCrane, 547 F.2d 204 (3d Cir. 1976), contrary to this rule. Appellants allege that wiretapped conversations of Anthony Carmanati, a reputed leading underworld figure subject to an undercover investigation by the State of New Jersey, reveal that Carmanati was closely associated with Arthur Sutton and that the latter may have been "a financial backer" of Carmanati's activities. At trial, on direct and cross-examination, Sutton testified to having received an usurious loan from a "Tony C.," whom he failed to name more fully and who was the head of the maintenance company for Sutton's office building. Defendants, with due diligence, could have ascertained at the time of trial the identity of this Tony C. as Anthony Carmanati. ^11a See United States v. Meyers, 484 F.2d 113, 116 (3d Cir. 1973). Thus, the merit of the Brady claim based on wiretap recordings allegedly made available to the prosecution rests on any non-cumulative impact that Tony Carmanati's assertions might have had on Sutton's credibility. ¹² We find that these assertions of a close association with Arthur Sutton merely confirm a relationship, unrelated to the bribery scheme, which defendants could have discovered with due diligence. While the tape recordings represent direct testimony of Carmanati, they are at most cumulative in their impact on Sutton's credibility. We conclude, therefore, that the district court's evidentiary hearing need not delve into the Carmanati set of information.

We have carefully reviewed all other motions ¹³ and contentions made by the appellants, including those for disqualification and...