U.S. v. Davis

• Decision Date: 17 June 1992
• Docket Number: D,No. 1290,1290
• Citation: 967 F.2d 84
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Thomas DAVIS, a/k/a T; Xavier Smith, a/k/a Rome; Allen Walden; Reynaldo Madhere, a/k/a Peanut; Herman Green, Defendants, Gene James Content, also known as Reggie, Defendant-Appellant. ocket 91-1607.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 84

967 F.2d 84

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Thomas DAVIS, a/k/a T; Xavier Smith, a/k/a Rome; Allen

Walden; Reynaldo Madhere, a/k/a Peanut; Herman

Green, Defendants,

Gene James Content, also known as Reggie, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 1290, Docket 91-1607.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued April 1, 1992.

Decided June 17, 1992.

Donald T. Kinsella, Asst. U.S. Atty., Albany, N.Y., for appellee,

William P. Fanciullo, Albany, N.Y., for defendant-appellant.

Before: MINER and McLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judges, and MARTIN, District Judge. ^*

McLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judge:

Eugene James Content appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (Gagliardi, Judge), convicting him of one count of conspiracy to possess and distribute cocaine, and one count of possession of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and 18 U.S.C. § 2. He also appeals from Judge Gagliardi's imposition of sentence of 188 months imprisonment. He raises two arguments: (1) evidence was improperly admitted at trial, violating his rights under the Fourth Amendment; and (2) the sentence imposed upon him is illegal.

BACKGROUND

Working with a confidential informant, Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") agents Frederick R. Marano and Ulises Delgado followed Content through the streets of Troy, New York, and saw him make several cocaine sales. They followed Content to an apartment on Stowe Avenue, and arrested Content and another man--Reynaldo Madhere--when they emerged from the building. ¹ Upon arresting Madhere, the agents took a beeper and a set of keys from him.

Based on information previously provided by the confidential informant, the agents drove Content and Madhere to the apartment of one Lamont Cleare at 25 Morrison Avenue. Leaving Content and Madhere in the car, the agents knocked on the apartment door and were let in by a man who said that he was a guest in the apartment, but that Cleare was not present. Shortly thereafter, Cleare returned home; the agents identified themselves and searched him.

Cleare told the agent that he had given Content a key to the apartment and that Content had left some things in Cleare's footlocker, which was in Cleare's bedroom closet. At the agents' request, Cleare took Agent Delgado to the closet. When Delgado asked him for the key to the footlocker, Cleare said that he had given Content the only key. Cleare then gave Delgado permission to search the footlocker and, at Delgado's request, returned to the living room, leaving Delgado alone with the footlocker.

Agent Delgado then tried to open the footlocker, using, on a hunch, the smallest of the keys that he had confiscated earlier from Madhere. It worked. Rummaging through the footlocker, he found a number of personal items that Cleare later identified as his property, including photographs of present and former girlfriends, books, medicine, toothpaste and a toothbrush. He also found and peered into: (1) an unzippered green travel bag containing ziplock baggies, two Hamilton scales, cutting agents, red baggies, drug paraphernalia, rubber bands, a receipt with Content's name on it and other materials; (2) an open blue plastic bag with more drug paraphernalia, plastic bags, staples, red magic markers, a strainer and other items; and (3) an unlocked brown metal box that he opened to discover two scales, more plastic baggies and approximately 52.3 grams of cocaine.

The agents then called Cleare back in the room, and he pointed out which items belonged to him. Cleare stated that, while he had seen Content put the green bag in the trunk, he had never seen the blue bag or the metal box before. The district court found that both the bags and the metal box belonged to Content, and this is not challenged on appeal.

Content was subsequently charged, in an indictment that included five other defendants At the suppression hearing, Cleare was called by the government to establish that he retained ownership and, at least, joint control over the footlocker. He testified that he owned the footlocker, that he could open it any time he wished "if [he] had to," and that he kept various personal items in it, including photographs of present and former girlfriends. ² Cleare also testified that Content never asked him not to look inside the containers that Content had placed in the footlocker, and that "nothing could have stopped" him from inspecting them. He added that Content never forbade him to show the footlocker or its contents to others. Agent Marano, Agent Delgado, and Cleare himself, testified that Cleare had voluntarily consented to the search of the footlocker.

                with conspiracy to distribute cocaine, and possession with intent to distribute the 52.3 grams of cocaine found in Cleare's footlocker.   Content sought to suppress the evidence seized from the footlocker on the grounds that, although Cleare owned the footlocker, he had surrendered dominion to Content and that Cleare had no authority to consent to a search of Content's property in the footlocker
                

Judge McAvoy initially suppressed the evidence, finding that, while Cleare "could validly consent to the search of the trunk," he "could not validly consent to a search of the materials inside the trunk belonging to Content." Several weeks later, Judge McAvoy reconsidered his ruling in light of the Supreme Court's intervening decision in Florida v. Jimeno, --- U.S. ----, 111 S.Ct. 1801, 114 L.Ed.2d 297 (1991). Based on Jimeno, Judge McAvoy found that the evidence was admissible, and accordingly, reversed his prior order.

The case was assigned to Judge Gagliardi for trial. Before trial, all defendants except Content pled guilty pursuant to plea agreements. At Content's trial, numerous witnesses testified about his role in the cocaine ring, and the evidence seized from Cleare's apartment was introduced. The jury found Content guilty on both counts of the indictment.

DISCUSSION

I. The Suppression Motion

Content argues that the district court should have suppressed the evidence seized from the footlocker in Cleare's apartment. Specifically, he argues that: (a) Cleare's consent to the search was invalid because it was not voluntary; (b) Cleare did not have authority to consent to the search of the footlocker; and (c) that, even if Cleare did have sufficient authority to consent to the search of the footlocker, the consent was insufficient to authorize a search of the closed containers found therein and belonging to Content, rather than Cleare. For the reasons given below, we reject these arguments.

A.

For consent to a search to be valid, the totality of the circumstances must indicate that it was voluntarily given. See Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 248-249, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2058-59, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). Because the trial court is in a unique position to evaluate witnesses' credibility, we will not reverse its determination on this issue unless the decision is "clearly erroneous." United States v. Oguns, 921 F.2d 442, 448 (2d Cir.1990).

Judge McAvoy's determination that Cleare's consent to the search was voluntary was not clearly erroneous. The testimony of the DEA agents and of Cleare himself, which indicated that Cleare voluntarily consented, amply support Judge McAvoy's finding.

B.

A more troublesome question is Cleare's authority to consent to the search of the footlocker. We assume, without deciding, that Content had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the trunk. There is, however, nothing new in the notion that a With respect to the first prong, it is obvious that Cleare had "access" to the trunk--he lived in the apartment and he kept the trunk, which belonged to him, in his own bedroom. He testified that he could open the trunk any time he wanted "if [he] had to get into it," and that, while he allowed Content to store some items in the footlocker, he and Content had never made any agreement that Cleare could not look inside. That Cleare had given Content the only key did not, in this case, diminish Cleare's access to the footlocker, particularly where the lock could be opened easily with other keys. ³

                third party may validly consent to the search of an area in which another has a reasonable expectation of privacy where the third party shares common authority over the area.  United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171, 94 S.Ct. 988, 992, 39 L.Ed.2d 242 (1974).   We have held that a third-party consent to a search will validate the search if two prongs are present:  first, the third party had access to the area searched, and, second, either:  (a) common authority over the area;  or (b) a substantial interest in the area;  or (c) permission to gain access.  United States v. Gradowski, 502 F.2d 563, 564 (2d Cir.1974) (per curiam);  see also United States v. Trzaska, 859 F.2d 1118, 1120 (2d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 839, 110 S.Ct. 123, 107 L.Ed.2d 84 (1989).   We conclude that Cleare had sufficient authority to give valid consent to the search of the trunk
                

With respect to the second prong of the Gradowski test, we have no doubt that Cleare had a substantial interest in the footlocker; it was his trunk and he kept personal items of some importance in it. His testimony about the property he kept in the trunk--particularly the photographs of old girlfriends--militates against a finding that he had surrendered his interest in the trunk.

The evidence also indicates that Cleare had "common authority" over the footlocker. Although Content had the only genuine key to it, Cleare's ownership and actual possession of the trunk in his bedroom, coupled with his ready access to it, indicate that, at the very least, he retained common authority over it. It follows, therefore, that Cleare could give a valid consent to the agents to open the footlocker.

C.

We turn now to the most vexing feature of the case: whether Cleare's consent to search the footlocker extended to the closed containers belonging to Content that were...