U.S. v. DeBerry

• Citation: 76 F.3d 884
• Decision Date: 22 February 1996
• Docket Number: No. 95-2232,95-2232
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Anthony DeBERRY, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (7th Circuit)

Page 884

76 F.3d 884

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Anthony DeBERRY, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 95-2232.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued Dec. 12, 1995.

Decided Feb. 22, 1996.

Colin S. Bruce (argued), Office of the United States Attorney, Urbana Division, Urbana, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Gregory D. Fombelle (argued), Burger, Fombelle, Zachry & Rathbun, Decatur, IL, for Defendant-Appellant.

Before POSNER, Chief Judge, and ESCHBACH and DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judges.

POSNER, Chief Judge.

The defendant was sentenced to 57 months in prison for being a felon in possession of a gun in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He claims that the gun was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment and should therefore not have been used as evidence (the essential evidence) against him. The seizure came about in the following way. One afternoon a uniformed police officer on patrol in his car in Decatur, Illinois received a message from his dispatcher conveying an anonymous tip that at the corner of Main and Calhoun Streets was a black man wearing a tan shirt and tan shorts who had a gun in his waistband. The officer drove to the corner of those streets and, sure enough, there was a black man wearing a tan shirt and tan shorts. The gun was not visible. The officer stopped his car near where the man was standing, got out, walked toward him, and told him he wanted to talk to him. We do not know how far he was from the man when he first spoke--the officer testified that it was about twelve feet but the judge made no finding--or what exactly he said. According to testimony by the officer that the district judge at the suppression hearing was entitled to and did believe, the man--DeBerry--took several steps backward, turned slightly to the side, and moved his hands as if he might be about to draw a gun. The officer then drew his own gun and ordered DeBerry to place his hands on the hood of the police car. When DeBerry complied, the officer holstered his gun. A backup officer arrived within two minutes, and the first officer then patted down DeBerry and found the gun. They then arrested him.

DeBerry argues that the police did not have probable cause to arrest him until they found the gun, and therefore the seizure of the gun was unlawful. The premise is correct, but not the conclusion. We may assume without having to decide that the combination of an anonymous tip that a man has a gun and an ambiguous gesture by him ominous only because of the tip does not create a sufficiently high probability that he is in fact carrying a gun to justify an arrest. But the tip and the gesture certainly justify the officer in drawing his own gun and detaining the gesturer until it can be determined whether in fact he has a gun. United States v. Gibson, 64 F.3d 617, 623-24 (11th Cir.1995). Self-defense is the original rationale of the Terry stop (that is, a stop and frisk) and still the most compelling justification for it. This is why the pointing of a gun at the person stopped does not transform a stop into an arrest, United States v. Vega, 72 F.3d 507, 515 (7th Cir.1995); United States v. Tilmon, 19 F.3d 1221, 1226-28 (7th Cir.1994); United States v. Serna-Barreto, 842 F.2d 965, 967-68 (7th Cir.1988), if in the circumstances (as here, unlike the circumstances of United States v. Novak, 870 F.2d 1345, 1351-53 (7th Cir.1989)) the pointing of the gun is a prudent measure of self-protection; and remember that the officer quickly returned his gun to its holster. No doubt at some point DeBerry's forced immobilization with his hands on the hood of the police cruiser would have turned the stop into an arrest, United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 685, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 1575, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985), because it is the brevity of the stop that makes it tolerable even though the police lack probable cause to believe that the person stopped has committed a crime. But two minutes is not that point. Twenty minutes was held not too long in Sharpe, id. at 686, 105 S.Ct. at 1575-76, and we recently upheld a Terry stop that lasted 62 minutes. United States v. Vega, supra, 72 F.3d at 515-16.

The question becomes whether the officer was entitled to accost DeBerry, for if so the Terry stop was justified by the ominous-seeming gesture with which DeBerry replied to the officer's hailing of him. DeBerry would have us treat the hailing itself as the stop, and he argues that an anonymous tip does not create the articulable suspicion required to justify a stop. The first half of this submission is wrong, and the second dubious. At least as far as the Fourth Amendment is concerned, police do not have to have any degree of reasonable suspicion in order to accost a person and say they want to talk to him. Florida v. Royer 460 U.S. 491, 497-98, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 1323-24, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983) (plurality opinion); United States v. Rodriguez, 69 F.3d 136, 141 (7th Cir.1995); United States v. Serna-Barreto, supra, 842 F.2d at 966. The "reason" for this rule, if it can be called a reason, is that the mere accosting of a person is not a search or seizure of him, and so is not within the amendment's scope. This seems a little feeble, since very few people think themselves free not to stop if a policeman accosts them. But the law is well established that if the officer asks rather than commands, the person accosted is not seized, and so the protections of the Fourth Amendment do not attach.

It is not altogether clear whether the officer in this case asked or commanded, but even if it was the latter, transforming the encounter into a Terry stop requiring articulable suspicion to be lawful, there was no violation of the Fourth Amendment. It is true that an anonymous tip, considered wholly without regard to its content or context, is not deemed an adequate basis for a Terry stop. United States v. Packer, 15 F.3d 654, 659 (7th Cir.1994); United States v. Walker, 7 F.3d 26, 30 (2d Cir.1993). And to deem the tip adequately corroborated by circumstances that, as in this case, show nothing more than that the tipster had seen the person he was reporting would be mere bootstrapping, for the tipster could easily be a prankster who seeing a perfectly innocent-looking person in the street calls up the police and describes the location and appearance of the person. United States v. McLeroy, 584 F.2d 746, 748 (5th Cir.1978); cf. Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 332, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 2417, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990). It is different if the details that are given by the tipster and that the police corroborate before making the stop are details that only someone personally acquainted with the suspect would know. Id. at 332, 110 S.Ct. at 2417; United States v. Walker, supra, 7 F.3d at 30. There is still a chance that the tip is a lie--the tipster may be a personal enemy of the person he is reporting--but the probability is sufficiently low to permit the police to stop the...