U.S.A. v. DeJesus, GOMEZ-ESTRAD

• Decision Date: 07 November 2001
• Docket Number: GOMEZ-ESTRAD,No. 01-1085,D,01-1085
• Citation: 273 F.3d 400
• Parties: (1st Cir. 2001) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. GUILLERMO DEJESUSefendant, Appellant. Heard
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 400

273 F.3d 400 (1st Cir. 2001)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. GUILLERMO DEJESUS GOMEZ-ESTRADA, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 01-1085

United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit

Heard Nov. 7, 2001

Decided November 27, 2001

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS. Hon. Nancy Gertner, U.S. District Judge

Leo T. Sorokin, Federal Defender Office, for appellant.

Timothy Q. Feeley, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom James B. Farmer, United States Attorney, was on brief, for the United States.

Before Selya, Circuit Judge, Coffin, Senior Circuit Judge, and Saris,^* District Judge.

SELYA, Circuit Judge.

A federal grand jury charged defendant-appellant Guillermo DeJesus Gomez-Estrada with unlawful reentry (i.e., being an alien who, having been previously arrested and deported from the United States, was found therein without having received the express consent of the United States Attorney General to reapply for admission). The statute invoked by the grand jury, 8 U.S.C. § 1326, provides in the first instance for a maximum sentence of two years, id. § 1326(a), but makes provision for increases in that maximum in certain circumstances, id. § 1326(b). One such circumstance is when the defendant has been convicted of committing an "aggravated felony" prior to his unlawful reentry.¹ See id. § 1326(b)(2). In that event, the maximum penalty rises to twenty years.

The appellant eventually pled guilty to the single-count indictment. At the Rule 11 hearing, the government represented to the court that, prior to the appellant's initial deportation, he had been convicted of a drug-trafficking offense -- an aggravated felony -- in the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island and sentenced to a ten-year incarcerative term. Although the appellant did not specifically admit to the prior conviction, the district court nonetheless accepted his plea (warning him that he might face a sentence of up to twenty years). At the disposition hearing, the government repeated its representation and provided the court with appropriate documentation. Once again, the appellant did not admit to the prior conviction, but neither did he challenge the accuracy of the prosecutor's representation.

As said, the significance of the prior conviction is that it operates as a sentence-enhancer in the "unlawful reentry" context. Here, however, the appellant contested the power of the court to take the prior conviction into account. In this regard, he noted that it had neither been referenced in the indictment nor proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, he contended, the Supreme Court's opinion in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), dictated that an enhanced sentence could not be imposed.

The sentencing court rejected this contention, deeming itself bound by the Supreme Court's antecedent decision in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998). Accordingly, the court gave weight to the prior conviction and imposed an enhanced sentence (forty months). This appeal ensued.

Before us, the appellant restates his Apprendi-based thesis. He starts with the general premise that, absent a waiver, any fact increasing the statutory maximum penalty must be charged in an indictment and proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Although he acknowledges that the Apprendi Court specifically carved out the fact of a prior conviction from the operation of this general premise, see Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, he asserts that this carve-out (and the Court's concomitant refusal to overrule Almendarez-Torres) was qualified. In his view, the Apprendi Court limited the holding of Almendarez-Torres to those cases in which a defendant actually admits to a prior felony conviction.

This, then, is the linchpin of the appellant's thesis. Because he avoided an explicit admission of the prior conviction, the appellant reasons, Almendarez-Torres does not apply; Apprendi governs unreservedly; and, accordingly, the maximum penalty that could have been levied in his case, absent a jury finding that he had previously been convicted of an aggravated felony, was the two-year (unenhanced) statutory maximum. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). Although we give the appellant high marks for ingenuity, we reject his argument.

In the first place, the Apprendi Court, 530 U.S. at 489-90, made pellucid that it was not overruling Almendarez-Torres; and we deem ourselves bound to follow the holding in Almendarez-Torres unless and until the Supreme Court abrogates that decision. In so ruling, we align ourselves not only with precedent in this circuit, e.g., United States v. Johnstone, 251 F.3d 281, 286 n.7 (1st Cir. 2001); United States v. Terry, 240 F.3d 65, 73-74 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 121 S. Ct. 1965 (2001), but also with an unbroken skein of cases from our sister circuits, e.g., United States v. Palomino-Rivera, 258 F.3d 656, 661 (7th Cir. 2001); United States v. Raya-Ramirez, 244 F.3d 976, 977 (8th Cir. 2001); United States v. Latorre-Benavides, 241 F.3d 262, 264 (2d Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 121 S. Ct. 2013 (2001); United States v. Guadamuz-Solis, 232 F.3d 1363, 1363 (11th Cir. 2000) (per curiam); United States v. Martinez-Villalva, 232 F.3d 1329, 1331 (10th Cir. 2000); United States v. Dabeit, 231 F.3d 979, 984 (5th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1202 (2001).

In the second place, there is simply no authority for the appellant's imaginative argument that...