U.S. v. Eckford

• Decision Date: 20 August 1990
• Docket Number: No. 89-4862,89-4862
• Citation: 910 F.2d 216
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Charles L. ECKFORD, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 216

910 F.2d 216

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Charles L. ECKFORD, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 89-4862.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

Aug. 20, 1990.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied

Sept. 20, 1990.

Falton O. Mason, Jr., Oxford, Miss. (Court-appointed), for defendant-appellant.

John R. Hailman, Asst. U.S. Atty., Robert Q. Whitwell, U.S. Atty., Oxford, Miss., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.

Before THORNBERRY, JOHNSON and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

JOHNSON, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Charles L. Eckford ("Eckford") entered a plea of guilty to a charge of attempted bank robbery. In computing Eckford's sentence under the Sentencing Guidelines, the district court considered two prior municipal court misdemeanor convictions. In both situations, relevant penal code provisions authorized a maximum penalty of not more than six months' imprisonment. Eckford pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor charges without the assistance of counsel, but was not incarcerated. Nonetheless, the district court's application of these misdemeanor convictions increased Eckford's maximum potential sentence for the subsequent attempted robbery from thirty-seven months to forty-one months. After Eckford received the maximum forty-one month sentence, he appealed. Because this Court is bound by prior Circuit precedent, we affirm the sentence imposed by the district court.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On January 11, 1988, appellant Charles L. Eckford entered the Blue Mountain Branch of the First National Bank of New Albany, Mississippi. Wearing a homemade mask and concealing a loaded shotgun under his clothing, Eckford attempted to rob the bank of an undisclosed amount of cash. Eckford's attempt, however, was unsuccessful. He was taken into custody and indicted for the attempted robbery of a federally insured bank and the unlawful possession of a firearm during the attempt.

Pursuant to a plea agreement, the Government dropped the firearm charge and Eckford entered a guilty plea to the charge of attempted bank robbery. ¹ The United States Probation Office began an investigation of Eckford's criminal history, which it recorded in Eckford's presentence report. The report, to which Eckford strenuously objected, detailed two municipal court misdemeanor convictions that Eckford received in the mid-1980s. One of these convictions represented the violation of a Mississippi Code provision proscribing the operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor. ² The other conviction represented the violation of a Mississippi Code shoplifting prohibition. ³ On the basis of these misdemeanor convictions, the presentence report recommended a total of two criminal history points, which increased Eckford's criminal history category to Level II under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. ⁴

Eckford complained that the presentence report improperly considered these prior misdemeanor convictions. On both the driving under intoxication charge and the shoplifting charge, Eckford was not afforded counsel and did not knowingly waive the right to counsel. Although the Mississippi Code provisions on these offenses permit up to--but not more than--six months' imprisonment, the municipal judge only required Eckford to pay minimal fines. While conceding the validity of these uncounseled misdemeanor convictions, Eckford argued that the convictions could not be used to support sentence enhancement under the Sentencing Guidelines.

The district court, however, denied Eckford's objection to the criminal history category calculated in the presentence report. Concluding that the presentence report properly calculated Eckford's criminal history category at Level II, the district court imposed the maximum potential sentence of forty-one months' imprisonment. This sentence was four months longer than the maximum sentence that would have been permissible if the prior uncounseled misdemeanor convictions had not affected Eckford's criminal history.

II. DISCUSSION

The sixth amendment guarantee of counsel ⁵ is one of the "fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions." Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 67, 53 S.Ct. 55, 63, 77 L.Ed. 158 (1932). A criminal defendant prosecuted without the assistance of counsel lacks the skill and knowledge necessary to prepare an adequate defense. "Left without the aid of counsel he may be put on trial without a proper charge, and convicted upon incompetent evidence, or evidence irrelevant to the issue or otherwise inadmissible." Id. at 69, 53 S.Ct. at 64. The sixth amendment therefore "stands as a constant admonition that if the constitutional safeguards it provides be lost, justice will not 'still be done.' " Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 462, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1022, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938).

Of necessity, however, the sixth amendment does not ensure an unlimited right to counsel in all criminal cases. If a criminal defendant were guaranteed counsel in comparatively insignificant criminal prosecutions that did not pose the possibility of imprisonment, the already overburdened criminal justice system would face crippling costs, congestion and confusion. Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367, 373, 99 S.Ct. 1158, 1162, 59 L.Ed.2d 383 (1979). To draw the line between the competing concerns of fairness to the defendant and convenience to the Government, the Supreme Court has determined that the sixth amendment requires only that "no indigent criminal defendant be sentenced to a term of imprisonment " unless the Government has afforded him the right to assistance of counsel. Id. at 374, 99 S.Ct. at 1162 (emphasis added). Thus, conviction of an uncounseled criminal defendant is constitutionally permissible, so long as the defendant is not sentenced to a term of imprisonment. If an uncounseled defendant is sentenced to prison, the conviction itself is unconstitutional.

Eckford argues that because his prior uncounseled misdemeanor convictions could not be used directly to impose a prison term, then logically they should not have been used indirectly to impose an increased prison term under the Sentencing Guidelines. He maintains that even if actual imprisonment determines the constitutional right to appointment of counsel, prior uncounseled misdemeanor convictions may not be used collaterally to impose an increased term of imprisonment on a subsequent conviction.

For this argument, Eckford relies extensively upon the concurring opinion of Justice Marshall in Baldasar v. Illinois, 446 U.S. 222, 100 S.Ct. 1585, 64 L.Ed.2d 169 (1980). In Baldasar, the defendant was charged with theft after he pilfered a twenty-nine dollar shower head from a department store. At trial over the defendant's objection, the prosecutor introduced evidence establishing an earlier misdemeanor conviction for theft. This prior conviction, for which the defendant received a fine and probation even though he was not represented by counsel, enhanced the potential punishment for the subsequent offense from a misdemeanor (punishable by a fine and imprisonment for up to a year) to a felony. The defendant was convicted of a felony and sentenced to prison for one to three years.

In a brief per curiam opinion, the Supreme Court reversed the defendant's conviction. The per curiam opinion contained no discussion of the relevant sixth amendment principles, relying instead on the analysis expressed in three concurring opinions. ⁶ The most expansive of these concurrences was authored by Justice Marshall, who concluded that under no circumstances could a prior uncounseled misdemeanor conviction be used collaterally to impose an increased term of imprisonment on a subsequent conviction. Baldasar, 446 U.S. at 225, 100 S.Ct. at 1586 (Marshall, J., concurring). Three other Supreme Court justices--Justices Brennan, Stevens and Stewart--joined Marshall in this conclusion.

Justice Blackmun's concurrence, however, tempered the expansive reach of Justice Marshall's concurrence. Writing separately in Baldasar, Justice Blackmun urged a "bright-line" approach that would require the appointment of counsel when an indigent defendant is charged with a nonpetty criminal offense punishable by more than six months' imprisonment. Id. at 230, 100 S.Ct. at 1589 (Blackmun, J., concurring). Since the defendant in Baldasar was initially prosecuted without legal representation for a misdemeanor offense punishable by more than six months' imprisonment, Justice Blackmun believed that the defendant's conviction was unconstitutional and therefore unavailable to support enhancement of subsequent punishment.

Justice Blackmun's concurrence was narrowly drawn, expressly limited to the particular facts of the defendant in Baldasar. Nonetheless, Justice Blackmun's vote in favor of reversing the defendant's conviction was essential to the slim five member majority. The inconsistency between Justice Blackmun's narrow approach and Justice Marshall's expansive approach has clouded the scope of the Baldasar decision. ⁷ Many courts have questioned whether Baldasar expresses any persuasive authority on the collateral use of uncounseled misdemeanor convictions. See, e.g., Schindler v. Clerk of Circuit Court, 715 F.2d 341, 345 (7th Cir.1983) ("the [Baldasar ] decision provides little guidance outside of the precise factual context in which it arose."), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1068, 104 S.Ct. 1419, 79 L.Ed.2d 745 (1984); United States v. Robles-Sandoval, 637 F.2d 692, 693 n. 1 (9th Cir.) ("The court in Baldasar divided in such a way that no rule can be said to have resulted."), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 941, 101 S.Ct. 2025, 68 L.Ed.2d 330 (1981). ⁸

Likewise, this Court has questioned the persuasive influence of Baldasar. In Wilson v. Estelle, 625 F.2d 1158 (5th Cir. Unit A 1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 912, 101 S.Ct. 1985, 68 L.Ed.2d 302 (1981...