U.S. v. Gabrio

• Decision Date: 22 July 2002
• Docket Number: No. 01-3933.,01-3933.
• Citation: 295 F.3d 880
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff/Appellee, v. Robert Lawrence GABRIO, Defendant/Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

295 F.3d 880

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff/Appellee, v. Robert Lawrence GABRIO, Defendant/Appellant.

No. 01-3933.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: June 13, 2002.

Filed: July 22, 2002.

Paul Engh, argued, Minneapolis, MN, for appellant.

Michelle E. Jones, Asst. U.S. Atty., argued, Minneapolis, MN, for appellee.

Before: MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, HEANEY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

Robert Lawrence Gabrio pled guilty to being an armed career criminal in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and he received a mandatory 15 year sentence under 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(a)(2) and (e)(1). Gabrio's plea agreement preserved his right to appeal the denial of his pretrial suppression motion, and he argues on appeal that the district court¹ erred by denying his motion and by failing to hold a Franks hearing. We affirm.

Deputy Sheriff Daniel Guida of Aitkin County, Minnesota obtained a warrant to search Gabrio's residence. The search was executed the same day, four firearms were seized, and Gabrio was arrested. Because a number of items in the residence appeared to be stolen, three additional warrants were obtained and executed over the next several days. Gabrio was eventually charged with being an armed career criminal, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and with possession of stolen firearms, 18 U.S.C. § 922(j).

At issue is the validity of the first search warrant, which was issued by a state judge based on Guida's affidavit. The affidavit stated that Guida had received information on February 5, 2001 from an informant who had given him "reliable information on at least two prior occasions regarding stolen goods" and who had "returned items of stolen property to law enforcement." The informant claimed to have been at Gabrio's residence on February 5, to have seen Gabrio carrying a handgun, and to have observed "several firearms which Gabrio indicated were stolen in recent burglaries." The affidavit also stated that Gabrio's criminal history included "felony convictions for burglary and escape from custody."

Gabrio moved to suppress the evidence obtained in the searches on the ground that Guida's affidavit lacked probable cause, that he was unreasonable to execute the warrant, and that he had omitted relevant information touching on the reliability of the informant. The information Gabrio argues was improperly omitted was the identity and background of the informant who he believes was his brother. He says his brother has a criminal record and a history of mental illness and that omission of this information triggered his right to a hearing under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978).

The district court adopted a magistrate judge's report and recommendation to deny the motion. The court concluded that the affidavit showed probable cause because it was based on the tip of an informant who had previously provided reliable information, had personally observed stolen firearms in Gabrio's possession, and had provided information in person rather than over the telephone. The court also determined that the officers had executed the search in objectively reasonable reliance on the search warrant and that, even if the informant were Gabrio's brother,² he had not been shown to have been unreliable.

After the motion to suppress was denied, Gabrio pled guilty to being an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and received a mandatory 15 year sentence under 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(a)(2) and (e)(1). On appeal Gabrio argues that Guida's affidavit was insufficient, that he did not execute the warrant in good faith, and that his omissions from the affidavit merit a Franks hearing. The United States responds that these issues were correctly resolved below. We review facts supporting the denial of a suppression motion for clear error, and we review the legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Davis, 288 F.3d 359, 362 (8th Cir.2002). Refusal to call a Franks hearing is reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v. Fairchild, 122 F.3d 605, 610 (8th Cir.1997).

The Fourth Amendment requires a showing of probable cause to support a search warrant. Whether probable cause exists depends upon the totality of the circumstances, Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), but it requires a showing of facts "sufficient to create a fair probability that evidence of a crime will be found in the place to be searched." United States v. Wells, 223 F.3d 835, 838 (8th Cir.2000) (citations and quotations omitted). An informant's tip can be sufficient to establish probable cause if the informant "has a track record of supplying reliable information" or if the tip "is corroborated by independent evidence." United States v. Williams, 10 F.3d 590, 593 (8th Cir.1993).

The informant here had a track record of providing reliable information. Guida's affidavit stated that the informant had provided reliable information on at least two prior occasions and had returned stolen property to law enforcement officers. This information was sufficient to show reliability. See United States v. Sherrill, 27 F.3d 344, 347 (8th Cir.1994); United States v. House, 604 F.2d 1135, 1137 (8th Cir.1979). Gabrio argues that a reliable track record is established when an informant's tips lead to arrests or convictions, but there is no rule requiring this. Reliability may be found on the basis that past tips have led to seizures of contraband or other evidence, United States v. Formaro, 152 F.3d 768, 770 (8th Cir.1998); United States v. Gladney, 48 F.3d 309, 313 (8th Cir.1995); Williams, 10 F.3d at 594, and the informant here had previously produced stolen property. Gabrio suggests that the informant may have been involved in stealing the returned property in the first place, but that would not necessarily make the act of returning the goods untrustworthy. Cf. United States v. Hall, 171 F.3d 1133, 1144 (8th Cir.1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1027, 120 S.Ct. 1438, 146 L.Ed.2d 327 (2000).

The tip here was timely and "based on the informant's first-hand observations, not merely from rumor or innuendo." Williams, 10 F.3d at 594. The informant had seen the guns in Gabrio's possession the same day that Guida obtained the search warrant. Cf. United States v. Maxim, 55 F.3d 394, 397 (8th Cir.1995) (informants were defendant's former wife and a former girlfriend who observed him in possession of contraband on a daily basis). Guida had an opportunity to assess the informant's credibility because he gave his tip in person. Moreover, the affidavit recited that Gabrio had a felony record which increased the...