U.S. v. Garcia-Lopez, GARCIA-LOPE

• Decision Date: 20 November 2000
• Docket Number: No. 99-20719,GARCIA-LOPE,D,99-20719
• Citation: 234 F.3d 217
• Parties: (5th Cir. 2000) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ANDRES FERNANDOefendant-Appellant
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 217

234 F.3d 217 (5th Cir. 2000)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ANDRES FERNANDO GARCIA-LOPEZ, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 99-20719

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS, FIFTH CIRCUIT

November 20, 2000

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas

Before GARWOOD, HIGGINBOTHAM, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

CARL E. STEWART, Circuit Judge:

Andres Fernando Garcia-Lopez appeals from his conviction and sentence for knowing travel in foreign commerce by a permanent resident alien for the purpose of engaging in a sexual act with a juvenile in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b). For the following reasons, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Petitioner, Andres Fernando Garcia-Lopez ("Garcia-Lopez"), was convicted of traveling in foreign commerce for the purpose of engaging in a sexual act with a juvenile under 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b).¹ In May 1998, Garcia-Lopez moved in with Dyanira Barragan ("Barragan") and her three children. In mid-August, Garcia-Lopez took LB, Barragan's 13-year-old daughter, to Monterrey, Mexico. He had obtained false identification for her use during the trip. At trial, LB testified that Garcia-Lopez raped her twice while they were in Mexico. Eventually, LB's grandmother and sister went to Mexico and took LB home to Houston.

Garcia-Lopez requested that the district court instruct the jury that illicit sex must have been one of his dominant purposes for foreign travel. Specifically, he requested the following instruction:

In order to sustain its burden of proof under Count One of the Indictment, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant formed the intent to engage in illegal sexual activity before he traveled in foreign commerce.

It is not necessary for the government to prove that illegal sexual activity was the sole purpose for the foreign travel. A person may have several different purposes or motives for such travel and each may prompt, in varying degrees, the act of making the journey.

The government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, however, that a significant or dominant purpose of the travel from the United States to another country was to engage in illegal sexual activity.

The district court refused to give the instruction urged by Garcia-Lopez. Instead, the court instructed the jury that the "Government [did] not need to prove that [Garcia-Lopez's] only purpose for traveling in foreign commerce was to engage in a sexual act with a minor," but that it was "enough if one of the defendant's motives in traveling in foreign commerce was to engage in a sexual act with a minor."

Garcia-Lopez was sentenced to the statutory maximum of 120 months of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b).² The court applied U.S.S.G. § 2A3.1, which, based on LB's testimony that Garcia-Lopez raped her, allowed criminal sexual abuse to be used in determining a higher base offense level. Garcia-Lopez argued, however, that U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2 was the appropriate section because he was neither charged nor convicted of raping LB and LB's testimony was not credible. Garcia-Lopez now appeals his conviction and sentence.

DISCUSSION

I.Jury Instructions

This Court reviews a district court's refusal to provide a requested jury instruction for abuse of discretion. United States v. Richards, 204 F.3d 177, 204 (5th Cir. 2000). We will reverse the district court's refusal "only if the requested instruction (1) was a substantially correct statement of the law, (2) was not substantially covered in the charge as a whole, and (3) concerned an important point in the trial such that the failure to instruct the jury on the issue seriously impaired the defendant's ability to present a given defense." Id.

Garcia-Lopez argues that the district court committed reversible error by refusing to give the requested jury instruction concerning the requisite intent for a § 2423(b) conviction. He contends that the Government had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that: 1) one of his dominant motives for traveling in foreign commerce was to engage in illicit sex with a minor; 2) his proffered instruction correctly stated the law; 3) the instruction given to the jury "watered down" the Government's burden; and 4) his defense was seriously impaired.

Garcia-Lopez relies on Mortensen v. United States, 322 U.S. 369, 64 S. Ct. 1037, 88 L. Ed. 1331(1944), and United States v. Campbell, 49 F.3d 1079 (5th Cir. 1995), to support his contention that the district court should have instructed the jury that one of his dominant motives for going to Mexico was to engage in sex with a minor. However, both of these cases demonstrate that the requested instruction was not a substantially correct statement of the law and that the district court substantially covered the requisite intent that the Government was required to prove.

In Mortensen, the Court reversed the convictions of two persons who had been convicted under the Mann Act³ for transporting girls across state lines for prostitution. 322 U.S. at 377. The petitioners, who operated a house of prostitution, took two of their employees, who were prostitutes, on a vacation. Id. at 372. Although the Court noted that the "dominant motive" of illicit acts in interstate travel must be immoral, it found that the "sole purpose" of the petitioners' trip was "innocent recreation." Id. at 374-75. The Court also found that there was no evidence from which the jury could have inferred beyond a reasonable doubt that the petitioners transported the girls for the purpose of prostitution or debauchery within the meaning of the statute. Id. at 374.

In Campbell, this Court narrowly interpreted the phrase "dominant motive" used by the Supreme Court in Mortensen. 49 F.3d at 1082-83. The court stated that the relevant inquiry for determining whether a dominant purpose existed is "whether the illicit behavior is 'one of the efficient and compelling purposes' of the travel." Id. at 1083 (quoting Forrest v. United States, 363 F.2d 348, 349 (5th Cir. 1966)). Moreover, this Court found that "many purposes for traveling may exist, but, as long as one motivating purpose is to engage in prostitution, criminal liability may be imposed under the Act" and, if there is no dominant purpose, "it is because any such purpose was either non-existent or 'incidental.'" Id. at 1083. Thus, "dominant motive" is equated with "motivating purpose, " and if a particular purpose is not motivating, then it is merely non-existent or incidental.

Accordingly, the dominant purpose instruction proposed by Garcia-Lopez was not a substantially correct statement of the law. Also, the district court's instruction that it was sufficient for the Government to prove that one of Garcia-Lopez's motives in traveling was to engage in a sexual act with a minor substantially covered the requisite intent that the Government was required to prove. Moreover, the instructions given by the district court did not seriously impair Garcia-Lopez's ability to present a defense. He was able to present the defense that he took LB to Mexico to help her escape her family's abuse. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing the requested instruction.

II.Sentencing

Garcia-Lopez argues that the district court should have sentenced him under the guideline for sex with a minor rather than the guideline for criminal sexual abuse.⁴ He contends...