U.S. v. Gerald N.

• Decision Date: 03 April 1990
• Docket Number: No. 89-10122,89-10122
• Citation: 900 F.2d 189
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GERALD N., Juvenile, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 189

900 F.2d 189

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GERALD N., Juvenile, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 89-10122.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Aug. 17, 1989.

Decided April 3, 1990.

Deborah Cole-Williams, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Phoenix, Ariz., for defendant-appellant.

Stanley L. Patchell, Asst. U.S. Atty., Phoenix, Ariz., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.

Before WIGGINS and KOZINSKI, Circuit Judges, and BYRNE ^*, District Judge.

PER CURIAM:

Appellant Gerald N. was charged as a juvenile with one count of assault with intent to commit rape and one count of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to do bodily harm. Appellant pleaded not guilty to both counts and a trial date was set. The government then filed a motion to proceed against a juvenile as an adult, as provided for in 18 U.S.C. Sec. 5032 (Supp. V 1987). The district judge granted the government's motion and this interlocutory appeal followed.

Before proceeding to the merits we must consider whether orders transferring juveniles for adult prosecution are immediately appealable under the collateral order exception of Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949). "To fall within the limited class of final collateral orders, an order must (1) 'conclusively determine the disputed question,' (2) 'resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action,' and (3) 'be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.' " Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 1494, 1497, 103 L.Ed.2d 879 (1989) (quoting Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 2457, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978)). The first two factors of the Coopers & Lybrand test are easily satisfied here. The district court's order transferring Appellant for adult prosecution conclusively resolves the issue of whether he can be rehabilitated in the juvenile system. At the same time, the issue of rehabilitation is quite separate from Appellant's guilt or innocence in committing the alleged crime. Whether the order is immediately appealable, therefore, turns on whether the order is "effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment." Id.

During this past term the Supreme Court emphasized that the "third prong of the Coopers & Lybrand test is satisfied only where the order at issue involves 'an asserted right the legal and practical value of which would be destroyed if it were not vindicated before trial.' " Id. 109 S.Ct. at 1498 (quoting United States v. MacDonald, 435 U.S. 850, 860, 98 S.Ct. 1547, 1552, 56 L.Ed.2d 18 (1978)). After careful consideration, we conclude--as have our fellow courts of appeals that have considered the issue--that the legal and practical value of the right to be tried as a juvenile would be destroyed without the concomitant right of immediate appeal. See United States v. A.W.J., 804 F.2d 492, 492-93 (8th Cir.1986); United States v. C.G., 736 F.2d 1474, 1476-77 (11th Cir.1984); cf. People of the Territory of Guam v. Kingsbury, 649 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 895, 102 S.Ct. 392, 70 L.Ed.2d 210 (1981) (pretrial appellate review of an order that a juvenile be tried as an adult allowed under relevant Guam statute). The sealing of records and the withholding of name and picture from news media are examples of rights granted to juveniles by 18 U.S.C. Sec. 5038 (Supp. IV 1986) that would be "irretrievably lost unless the juvenile is permitted to appeal the district court's order before conviction" as an adult. C.G., 736 F.2d at 1477; accord A.W.J., 804 F.2d at 493. "In addition, if convicted and sentenced to prison, [the juvenile] would face the distinct possibility of incarceration in an adult penal institution during the pendency of his appeal, since under the Bail Reform Act of 1984 it is no easy matter to obtain bail pending appeal." Id. (citing 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3143(b) (Supp. IV 1986)). Because these important rights must be vindicated before trial or are otherwise lost forever, we conclude that we have jurisdiction to consider the merits of this appeal under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 (1982).

"[T]he decision to transfer a juvenile to adult status is within the sound discretion of the district judge," United States v. Alexander, 695 F.2d 398, 400 (9th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1108, 103 S.Ct. 2458, 77 L.Ed.2d 1337 (1983), as long as the district judge considers and makes specific findings as to the following six factors: "(1) the juvenile's age and social background; (2) the nature of the alleged offense; (3) the prior record of the offender; (4) the juvenile's intellectual development and psychological maturity; (5) the nature of and response to past treatment; and (6) the...