U.S. v. Graham

• Citation: 431 F.3d 585
• Decision Date: 13 December 2005
• Docket Number: No. 04-1335.,04-1335.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lee GRAHAM, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (7th Circuit)

431 F.3d 585

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lee GRAHAM, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 04-1335.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued September 22, 2004.

Decided December 13, 2005.

Lisa M. Noller (argued), Office of the United States Attorney, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Thomas C. Crooks (argued), Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellant.

Before COFFEY, WILLIAMS, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.

COFFEY, Circuit Judge.

In 2003, Lee Graham was charged with two counts of assaulting federal officers in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a). A jury found the defendant not guilty on Count I and guilty on Count II. The defendant claims that his conviction on Count II should be reversed because the trial judge incorrectly defined the term "intentionally" in a supplemental jury instruction when he stated that in order to find that the defendant acted intentionally under § 111 they must find that the defendant made contact with one or more of the federal officers "deliberately and not by accident or mistake." We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

On January 29, 2003, four Deputy United States Marshals—Ambrose, Block, O'Malley, and Andrews—executed an arrest warrant for Edward Davis for a parole violation at the home of the defendant, Lee Graham, and his wife Channella.¹ Prior to executing the warrant, the deputies were informed that Davis was known to act belligerently and would likely attempt to evade arrest. Accordingly, they proceeded to the Graham's apartment wearing body gear (labeled "POLICE") and carrying guns, OC spray ("pepper spray"), radios, handcuffs, and batons.

When the deputies arrived at the Grahams' apartment complex, they encountered the defendant in the vestibule of the building, waiting to be picked up for work. During this encounter, one of the deputies asked the defendant if he knew Channella Graham and the defendant answered in the affirmative, stating that Channella was his wife. The deputies then asked the defendant if they could enter his apartment to speak with Channella. The defendant agreed and offered to get Channella. He then lead three of the deputies—Deputy Ambrose waited behind the building in case Davis tried to escape—to his apartment and asked them to wait in the entryway while he notified Channella that they wished to speak with her. The defendant then went to a back bedroom in the apartment to get Channella.

Within minutes, the defendant returned from the bedroom with Channella who, according to the deputies, appeared agitated and immediately began "yelling" and "cursing" at them.² Deputy Block stated that while Channella was "screaming" at the deputies, he tried to explain to her that they were looking for Davis to execute an arrest warrant. Channella responded that Davis was not there and that she had no idea where to find him. Deputy Block then informed the Grahams that the deputies needed to search their home in order to verify that Davis was not on the premises. In response, the Grahams demanded to see a warrant. Block did not have the arrest warrant on his person, as he was not obligated to carry one, even though one had been obtained.³

Because the deputies did not produce a warrant, the Grahams continued to argue with the deputies and refused to allow them to search their home. Deputy Block testified that at some point during this argument, the defendant put his "two hands to [Deputy O'Malley's] chest" and told him "he wasn't coming in."⁴ At this time, Deputy O'Malley ordered that the Grahams be handcuffed for "officer safety reasons."

Channella allowed the deputies to cuff her without incident, but the defendant refused to oblige. According to Deputy Ambrose, when he and O'Malley tried to approach the defendant to cuff him, the defendant threw a punch at Ambrose, striking him in the forehead. Deputies O'Malley and Ambrose then proceeded to "wrestle" the defendant to the ground, but were unable to put the cuffs on him. At this time, the defendant struck Ambrose "in the side of the head with his elbow." Deputy Ambrose responded, punching the defendant twice in the face. According to Ambrose, this action had no effect on the defendant and as a result he found it necessary to spray the defendant with pepper spray in hopes of taking control of him. Ambrose went on to state that even after being sprayed, the defendant continued to "lunge" at the deputies, so he sprayed him a second time. At this point, the defendant retreated to a back bedroom; shortly thereafter, he emerged from the bedroom screaming that his eyes were burning. At this time, the deputies cuffed the defendant and proceeded to rinse his eyes. After securing the defendant, the deputies commenced their search of the Grahams' apartment and found no trace of Davis.⁵

Thereafter, on February 24, 2003, Graham was indicted on two counts of assaulting federal officers in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a),⁶ which states in pertinent part:

"Whoever . . . (1) forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates, or interferes with any [officer of the United States] while engaged in or on account of the performance of official duties . . . shall, where the acts in violation of this section constitute only simple assault, be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both, and in all other cases, be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 8 years, or both."

The indictment charged the defendant with "more than simple assault" on both counts because the government alleged that he made physical contact with both officers, but he did not use a deadly or dangerous weapon or inflict bodily injury upon them.⁷

After the presentation of the evidence at Graham's trial, the court instructed the jury that the word "forcibly" as used in § 111(a) was defined as follows: "To have acted `forcibly' the defendant must have intentionally struck, pushed or intentionally have made physical contact with one or more of the Deputy Marshals." On the second day of deliberations, the jury asked the trial judge to define the term "intentionally" as used in the jury instructions. Out of the jury's presence, the trial judge met with the attorneys and asked if they had any suggestions as to how he should respond to the jury's inquiry. There, he stated, "I probably should not have used the word `intentional' [to define the term `forcibly'] because that word's not used in the statute. It's not an element. Knowingly would have been the appropriate word, but having used the word `intentional,' I think the jury may need some help." Because he believed that knowingly was the appropriate term, the judge modified the Seventh Circuit Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction defining the term "knowingly" to create a supplemental jury instruction that defined the term "intentionally" to the jury.⁸ The supplemental instruction read:

"When the word `intentionally' is used in the instruction defining `forcibly,' it means that if the defendant, Lee Graham, struck, pushed, or made physical contact with one or more of the deputy marshals, the push, strike or physical contact must have been done deliberately and not by accident or mistake, in order for his acts to have been done forcibly."

The defense objected to the trial court's supplemental instruction, both before it was given to the jury and in a post-trial motion, arguing that it did not adequately define the term "intentionally."

Graham was acquitted on Count I (assault of O'Malley), but convicted on Count II (assault of Ambrose). On December 9, 2003, the defendant filed a timely motion for a new trial and a motion for judgment of acquittal on Count II. The trial court denied the motions and entered judgment on January 26, 2004. The defendant appealed the judgment on February 6, 2004, claiming that the district court, in his response to the jury's question, improperly defined the word "intentionally" and that this jury instruction affected the verdict on Count II.

II. ANALYSIS

The only issue the defendant raises on appeal is whether the trial court erred when he instructed the jury that the word "intentionally," as used in the jury instruction defining the term "forcibly," meant "that if the defendant, Lee Graham, struck, pushed, or made physical contact with one or more of the deputy marshals, the push, strike or physical contact must have been done deliberately and not by accident or mistake." According to the defendant, the trial court's definition of the term "intentionally" improperly led the jury to believe that if they found that the defendant did not act by "accident or mistake," he must have acted "intentionally," thereby allowing them to ignore the specific intent element of the statute. We review a district court's decision with respect to jury instructions under the abuse of discretion standard. United States v. Jefferson, 334 F.3d 670, 672 (7th Cir.2003).

A. 18 U.S.C. § 111 Intent Requirement

Initially, let us make clear that the defendant's assertion and belief that an assault on a federal officer under 18 U.S.C. § 111 requires a showing of specific intent is in error. In United States v. Woody, 55 F.3d 1257, 1265-66 (7th Cir.1995), we held that § 111 is not a specific intent crime. "The government may establish proof of a forcible assault by demonstrating that the defendant made `such a threat or display of physical aggression toward the officers as to inspire fear of pain, bodily harm, or death.'" Id. at 1266 (citing United States v. Schrader, 10 F.3d 1345, 1348 (8th Cir.1993)) (quoting United States v. Walker, 835 F.2d 983, 987 (2d Cir.1987)). Moreover, in United States v. Ricketts, 146 F.3d 492, 497 (7th Cir.1998), we revisited our holding in Woody that § 111 is a general intent crime and, after reviewing the law of numerous circuits,⁹ we declined to overrule Woody. In spite of our holdings in Woody and Ricketts, the defendant for reasons unexplained relies on United States v. Green, 927 F.2d 1005 (7th Cir.1991), for his position that ...