U.S. v. Green

• Decision Date: 26 June 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-5243,83-5243
• Citation: 735 F.2d 1203
• Parties: 84-2 USTC P 9661 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jeffrey L. GREEN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1203

735 F.2d 1203

84-2 USTC P 9661

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jeffrey L. GREEN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 83-5243.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Submitted June 8, 1984.

Decided June 26, 1984.

Alan Rubin, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.

Yolanda Barrera Gomez, Los Angeles, Cal., for defendant-appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before WRIGHT, FERGUSON, and REINHARDT, Circuit Judges.

EUGENE A. WRIGHT, Circuit Judge:

Green appeals from the district court's orders revoking his probation and denying his motion to correct an illegal sentence. He contends that (1) the conditioning of his probation on the payment of back taxes rendered his original sentence illegal and (2) the district court abused its discretion by revoking his probation.

In September 1981, Green pleaded guilty to one count of failing to file income tax returns for the years 1975-1977 in violation of 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7203. He received a one-year suspended sentence and three years probation, one condition of which was that Green pay all taxes due and owing.

In May 1982, IRS Agent Peters first called Green concerning an audit for the tax years 1974-1977. He asked that Green meet him and discuss the amount owed. Green said that after he spoke to his attorney he would arrange an appointment. Having heard nothing from Green or his attorney for a week, Peters wrote to Green that the IRS wanted to close the audit and that he had until May 21, 1982 to submit any relevant information.

Green did not respond to the letter. Instead his attorney called Peters with an assurance that the requested information would be forthcoming. Despite repeated assurances over the next few months, Green neither supplied information nor arranged to meet with Peters.

In August 1982, Peters concluded the audit in a non-agreed status and sent a copy to Green. On May 31, 1983, Peters met with Green and his tax advisor and Green signed the standard audit form, Form 870, agreeing to Peters' determination of his tax liability.

A month later, the Government charged Green with violating the conditions of his probation by being convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol and by failing to pay his back taxes. Green admitted both charges.

The district court, after a hearing, revoked Green's probation and ordered him to serve the sentence. Revocation was based on his nonpayment of back taxes. Green's motion to correct the sentence was denied.

ANALYSIS

I. Conditioning Probation on the Payment of Back Taxes

The Federal Probation Act provides that as a condition of probation a defendant "[m]ay be required to make restitution or reparation to aggrieved parties for actual damages or loss caused by the offense for which conviction was had." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3651. In criminal tax cases, a district court may rely on Sec. 3651 to condition probation on the defendant's restitution of his outstanding tax liability. See United States v. Merritt, 639 F.2d 254, 256 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. McDonough, 603 F.2d 19, 24 (7th Cir.1979); see also United States v. Pierce, 561 F.2d 735, 743 n. 3 (9th Cir.1977) (Hufstedler, J., dissenting), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 923, 98 S.Ct. 1486, 55 L.Ed.2d 516 (1978).

Restitution is limited to the amounts involved in the offenses for which the defendant has been convicted, unless there is a plea agreement to a greater amount. United States v. Orr, 691 F.2d 431, 433-34 (9th Cir.1982). In criminal tax cases, the court may order restitution only of back taxes for the years involved in the conviction. Merritt, 639 F.2d at 256; McDonough, 603 F.2d at 24.

We might interpret the reference by the court here to "all taxes due and owing" as a reference to taxes due for the years involved in the conviction. See McDonough, 603 F.2d at 24. However, the court considered nonpayment of taxes for 1974 in its revocation of probation, while the conviction involved only 1975-1977.

To the extent that probation was conditioned on payment of taxes due for 1974, the court exceeded its authority. That error was so plain that we will consider it despite the parties' failure to assert it. See Bartone v. United States, 375 U.S. 52, 53, 84 S.Ct. 21, 22, 11 L.Ed.2d 11 (1963).

When a court exceeds its sentencing authority, the sentence is void only as to the excessive portion of it. Kennedy v. United States, 330 F.2d 26, 27 (9th Cir.1964). The remedy for imposition of a condition requiring excessive restitution is a reduction of restitution to the amount authorized. Orr, 691 F.2d at 433-34.

The restitution condition here was authorized to the extent that it ordered payment of taxes due for 1975-1977. We conclude that including the amount of taxes due for 1974 could have made no significant difference in the court's consideration of revocation of probation. Because probation has been revoked, the conditions of probation are no longer in effect and no remedy is required.

Appellant contends that the restitution condition was improper because his tax liability had not been "finally determined" when the court imposed sentence. Most circuit courts have suggested that a district court may not validly impose such a condition unless the amount of the tax liability has been "finally determined." See United States v. Franks, 723 F.2d 1482, 1487 (10th Cir.1983); United States v. Touchet, 658 F.2d 1074, 1076 (5th Cir.1981) (per curiam); United States v. Weber, 437 F.2d 1218, 1220 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 402 U.S. 1008, 91 S.Ct. 2189, 29 L.Ed.2d 430 (1971); United States v. White, 417 F.2d 89, 94 (2d Cir.1969), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 912, 90 S.Ct. 910, 25 L.Ed.2d 92 (1970); United States v. Taylor, 305 F.2d 183, 187 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 894, 83 S.Ct. 193, 9 L.Ed.2d 126 (1962); United States v. Stoehr, 196 F.2d 276, 284 (3d Cir.1952).

The requirement of a final determination derives from the language in Sec. 3651 that limits restitution to actual damages. The amount of taxes owed is ordinarily not determined in a criminal proceeding, such as that here, but in a separate civil proceeding or by the defendant's acquiescence in the government's assessment of deficiency. See Stoehr, 196 F.2d at 284. ¹

Courts have been concerned that requiring a defendant to pay a specific amount of back taxes as a condition of probation would "hamper the determination by legal process of the [defendant's] civil liability." White, 417 F.2d at 94. A defendant would be forced to pay the back tax before he had an opportunity to challenge the government's assessment of his tax liability. Here the condition was not enforced until after Green had agreed to the assessment of tax liability.

In virtually all tax cases invalidating probation conditions, the district court had required the defendant to pay a specific amount of tax. See, e.g., Franks, 723 F.2d at 1487 ($100,000); Touchet, 658 F.2d at 1076 (deficiencies charged in indictment); White, 417 F.2d at 94 (existing liabilities as computed by IRS). Here, the court did not require the payment of a specific sum, but only the amount of back taxes "due and owing."

Both the Fourth and the Seventh Circuits have approved conditions similar to this one. See Weber, 437 F.2d at 1218; Taylor, 305 F.2d at 188. In Weber, the district court ordered the defendant to "make settlement in full with the Internal Revenue Service for taxes owed" and explicitly recognized the defendant's right to contest any tax assessed. The Seventh Circuit held that the settlement of tax liabilities for the three years covered by the indictment was a legitimate condition of probation under Sec. 3651. Id. at 1220.

In Taylor, the Fourth Circuit struck down a condition that required the payment of taxes before a formal determination had been made. The court held, however, that the district court could reframe the condition to require payment in full, within a specified time, of all taxes "(1) found by a jury to have been evaded (2) shown by defendant's returns to be due, or (3) determined and assessed by the Commissioner." Id. at 188. The court said:

The district court may still require, as a condition of probation, the payment of all taxes and penalties lawfully determined to be due and collectible. The only limitation is that the amounts of payments should be referable to a more formal determination than the District Court's calculations based upon otherwise affirmed computations of a Revenue Agent.

Id. (emphasis added). That means that, although the district court may not require the payment of a specific sum before a final determination of tax liability, it may require payment of back taxes and refer the determination of the specific amount to a subsequent proceeding.

Finally, requiring that the final determination occur before probation is revoked serves well the policies of the Federal Probation Act. A primary purpose of probation is to rehabilitate an offender. Higdon v. United States, 627 F.2d 893, 897 (9th Cir.1980).

The Act gives the sentencing judge "an exceptional degree of flexibility" to furnish terms and conditions of probation that further this purpose. Burns v. United States, 287 U.S. 216, 220, 53 S.Ct. 154, 155, 77 L.Ed. 266 (1932). Courts require the payment of back taxes not just to recoup the government's losses, but also to remind the tax evader of the civic responsibility that underlies our tax system.

In most cases, the exact amount of back taxes is not finally determined in the criminal prosecution. If district courts could not require the payment of back taxes before a final determination of tax liability, they would be effectively deprived of a valuable...