U.S. v. Gunera

• Decision Date: 13 February 2007
• Docket Number: No. 05-20544.,05-20544.
• Citation: 479 F.3d 373
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Arthur GUNERA, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

479 F.3d 373

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Arthur GUNERA, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 05-20544.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

February 13, 2007.

Kathlyn Giannaula Snyder and James Lee Turner, Asst. U.S. Attys., Houston, TX, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Marjorie A. Meyers, Federal Public Defender, Michael L. Herman, Houston, TX, for Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before REAVLEY, JOLLY and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.

REAVLEY, Circuit Judge:

Arthur ("Arturo") Gunera appeals his bench trial conviction for illegal presence in the United States on grounds that (1) the indictment was barred by the statute of limitations, (2) the felony and aggravated felony provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1) are unconstitutional, and (3) his prior state conviction for simple possession of a controlled substance should not have been treated as an aggravated felony for sentencing purposes. We reverse Gunera's conviction and dismiss the indictment against him.

I. Background

Gunera, a citizen of Honduras, initially entered the United States in July 1990. In January 1991, he was convicted of possession of a controlled substance under Texas law and sentenced to three years' imprisonment. He was released in June 1991 and deported to Honduras. After a second removal in 1992, Gunera re-entered the United States.

On August 18, 1999, Gunera filed an application with the Immigration and Naturalization Service ("INS") for Temporary Protected Status ("TPS") with the INS's Texas Service Center. He provided his true name, date of birth, and place of birth, all of which had been known to the INS at the time of his 1991 deportation. The application also contained Gunera's then-current Texas address. He did not disclose that he had been previously convicted of a crime and deported, or that he had been issued an alien registration number ("A-Number") in the past.

At the same time he submitted his TPS application, Gunera applied for an employment authorization document ("EAD"). That application was approved and an EAD issued under the same A-Number under which Gunera had been deported in 1991.

On September 28, 1999, the Texas Service Center ran a NAILS¹ inquiry based on Gunera's name and date of birth. The inquiry revealed the prior conviction for drug possession in 1991 and that Gunera had been deported to Honduras in 1991 as an aggravated felon. The NAILS inquiry provided the same A-Number under which Gunera was deported.

On October 1, 1999, the INS responded to Gunera's TPS application by correspondence to the provided home address, informing him of its intent to deny his application based on discovery of his prior conviction. The correspondence also informed him that he was required to submit fingerprints if he had not already done so.

On November 23, 2004, Gunera reported to the offices of Immigration and Customs Enforcement ("ICE") pursuant to correspondence requesting that he appear for further processing. He was arrested and held in ICE custody. Gunera moved to dismiss the illegal presence indictment of December 20, 2004 as being returned more than five years following the date he was "found" in the United States. Following an evidentiary hearing on that issue, the district court denied the motion to dismiss. Gunera was convicted following a bench trial.

Gunera was assessed an eight-level base increase and a Category II Criminal History based on his prior conviction for possession, resulting in a 15-21 month sentencing guideline. Gunera objected to the eight-level increase based on the 1991 simple possession and to the constitutionality of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b), both objections being denied by the district court. The court imposed the minimum Guideline sentence of fifteen months' imprisonment with three years of supervised release.

II. Gunera's Limitations Argument

We review the district court's fact findings in relation to the statute of limitations for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. See United States v. Wilson, 322 F.3d 353, 359 (5th Cir.2003).

Under 8 U.S.C. § 1326, an alien who has previously been denied entry or been deported or removed commits the offense of illegal reentry when the alien thereafter "enters, attempts to enter, or is at any time found in, the United States . . . ." The statute of limitations applicable to § 1326 is found in 18 U.S.C. § 3282, and provides that "no person shall be prosecuted, tried or punished for any offense, not capital, unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted within five years after such offense shall have been committed."

In United States v. Santana-Castellano, 74 F.3d 593, 598 (5th Cir.1996), we adopted the following as the standard for determining when an alien is "found in" the United States for purposes of § 1326:

. . . we hold that a previously deported alien is "found in" the United States when his physical presence is discovered and noted by the immigration authorities, and the knowledge of the illegality of his presence, through the exercise of diligence typical of law enforcement authorities, can reasonably be attributed to immigration authorities.

We have recently recognized that the holding of Santana-Castellano continues to be the standard by which we determine whether an alien has been "found in" the United States for purposes of the applicable five-year statute of limitations under 18 U.S.C. § 3282. See United States v. Flores-Leal, 134 Fed.App'x 691, 692 (5th Cir.2005).

The Government argues that when an alien employs deception by omitting information or giving false information, the Government, exercising ordinary diligence, cannot be held accountable for knowledge of the alien's illegal presence. Gunera, the Government claims, could not be positively identified as being illegally present in the U.S. since he (1) omitted the facts that he had previously been issued an...