U.S. v. Henson, 73-2063

• Decision Date: 03 March 1975
• Docket Number: No. 73-2063,73-2063
• Citation: 513 F.2d 156
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Thomas Venest HENSON, aka Tom Vinnie Henson, and George Victor Abisalih, aka George Abbey, dba "Associated Theaters of Texas", Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 156

513 F.2d 156

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Thomas Venest HENSON, aka Tom Vinnie Henson, and George

Victor Abisalih, aka George Abbey, dba "Associated

Theaters of Texas", Appellants.

No. 73-2063.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

March 3, 1975.

David M. Brown (argued), Fleishman, McDaniel, Brown & Weston, Hollywood, Cal., for appellants.

Robert C. Bonner, Asst. U. S. Atty. (argued), Los Angeles, Cal., for appellee.

OPINION

On Petition for Rehearing

Before ELY and GOODWIN, Circuit Judges, and MURRAY, ^* District Judge.

ELY, Circuit Judge:

In an indictment filed on January 10, 1973, the appellants were charged with having transported allegedly obscene films in interstate commerce, a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462. The appellants were tried before a jury and convicted shortly before the Supreme Court announced its opinions in Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 93 S.Ct. 2607, 37 L.Ed.2d 419 (1973), and United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film, 413 U.S. 123, 93 S.Ct. 2665, 37 L.Ed.2d 500 (1973).

In our original opinion in this case, filed on October 5, 1973, and reported in slip opinion form only, we vacated the appellants' convictions and remanded the case to the District Court for reconsideration in the light of Miller v. California and its companion cases. We now vacate and withdraw our opinion of October 5, 1973. The Government's Petition for Rehearing, addressed to our original opinion, is granted so as to enable us to consider the impact on this appeal of Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 94 S.Ct. 2887, 41 L.Ed.2d 590 (1974), United States v. Dachsteiner, --- F.2d --- (9th Cir. 1974), and United States v. Miller, 505 F.2d 1247 (9th Cir. 1974).

The single question now presented is whether the trial judge committed prejudicial error in instructing the jury to decide the question of obscenity, vel non, by applying a "national standard" ¹ of sexual candor, rather than the "contemporary community standard" required by Miller v. California. ² The court's instruction was as follows:

"The second test to be applied, in determining whether a given picture is obscene, is whether the appeal to the prurient interest violates, or goes substantially beyond, what is permissible according to the current standards of the community as a whole. By community I mean the 50 states constituting the United States at the present time. When we talk about the community as a whole we are talking about the United States, the 50 states."

Under Hamling and Dachsteiner, supra, the court's instruction constituted error. Nevertheless, Hamling and Dachsteiner make clear that the appellants' convictions are not to be reversed unless, when viewed in the context of all the evidence in the trial and the court's instructions as a whole, the erroneous instruction appears to have been prejudicial. Having carefully reviewed the testimony and the court's instructions in their entirety, we conclude that the erroneous instruction quite likely affected the jury's deliberations and that, therefore, prejudice to the appellants has been shown.

At trial, the Government introduced the expert testimony of Homer E. Young, formerly an FBI agent and then Director of the Administration of Justice Department at California Lutheran College. Young relied on his experiences while investigating obscenity cases in Phoenix; Pecos and Houston, Texas; Norwood, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; Atlanta; Baltimore; Philadelphia; New York City; Grand Rapids; Seattle; Reno; Las Vegas; and Oklahoma City in testifying about the degree of sexual candor condoned by the "national standard." Over defense objection, the witness gave his opinion that the films in question ". . . substantially exceed(ed) the acceptable limits of candor for dealing with sexual matters, using the standards established by . . . the national community." (Emphasis added.) Young testified further that in his opinion, the contemporary standards in California were very different from those of the national community. In the remainder of his testimony, he sought to discredit, as inapplicable to any attempt to ascertain national mores, a survey of sexual attitudes taken primarily in Southern California and relied on in earlier testimony for the defense.

We think it...