U.S. v. Herrera-Medina

• Decision Date: 06 December 1979
• Docket Number: HERRERA-MEDIN,No. 79-1071,D,79-1071
• Citation: 609 F.2d 376
• Parties: 5 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 362 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Manuel Jesusefendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 376

609 F.2d 376

5 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 362

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Manuel Jesus HERRERA-MEDINA, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 79-1071.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Dec. 6, 1979.

Gerald S. Frank, Asst. U.S. Atty., Tucson, Ariz., for plaintiff-appellee.

Fredric F. Kay, Tucson, Ariz., argued for defendant-appellant; Frank R. Zapata, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Tucson, Ariz., on the brief.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.

Before DUNIWAY and ELY, Circuit Judges, and FITZGERALD, ^* District Judge.

DUNIWAY, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Manuel Jesus Herrera-Medina (Herrera) was convicted of transporting four illegal aliens in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2) and he appeals. We affirm.

I. FACTS.

On the night of November 16, 1978, Herrera, a Mexican citizen in possession of a valid alien registration card, was stopped by border patrol agents. With him in his car were four aliens who had illegally crossed the border earlier that evening. We state the underlying facts in the light most favorable to the government, as we are required to do.

On the evening of November 16, at about 8:00 o'clock, two border patrol agents were on watch near a combination car wash and gas station located near Douglas, Arizona, and within about half a mile from the Mexican border. They saw two men walking in the shadows toward the car wash. The two men walked into the car wash, spoke briefly with the attendant, and then headed toward the restroom but did not enter, later disappearing into the unlit, brushy area behind the station. Shortly afterward, Herrera drove his car into the car wash. He got out, opened the hood and looked in, stared briefly in the direction of the restroom, and made a sweeping gesture with his arm, as if motioning people to approach. The two men previously seen emerged from the darkened area and came toward Herrera. One of the men, later identified as Daniel Madrid-Rosa, one of the alien witnesses, went back to the brushy area and hid, lying down next to a mesquite bush. Herrera drove off in the car with the other man. The car returned approximately fifteen minutes later. Madrid joined Herrera and the unidentified man and the three left in the car. Border patrol agents later stopped the car Herrera was driving; in it there were four illegal aliens, including Madrid. Three were far enough down in the back seat to be invisible from the rear of the car.

Herrera, Madrid and the three other illegal aliens told a different story. They testified that the aliens had not met Herrera before a meeting at a bar that evening, where Herrera mentioned that he was driving to Naco (a border town in Mexico) that night and agreed to give them a ride. They said that none of the aliens offered to pay Herrera money for the ride. Only one of the aliens said that he had told Herrera that he was in the United States illegally but he qualified his testimony by stating that he did not believe that Herrera had heard him above the noise of the car.

Before trial the government notified Herrera that it intended to introduce evidence of at least two prior incidents at trial. Herrera moved for an order precluding use of this evidence. The motion was denied. It was renewed at trial and overruled.

The first of the prior arrests occurred on July 30, 1977. A detective with the Douglas Police Department testified that at about 9:15 that evening he saw three men, first one, then two, coming from the direction of the border, approach a bar located about 300 feet from the border. Herrera's car was parked outside. Soon after, one of these men came out and got in the car; then five more men, including the other two whom the agent had seen, did the same. Next, Herrera left the bar and got into his car and drove it away. When the car was stopped, all occupants except Herrera were identified as illegal aliens.

The second of the prior arrests occurred in September, 1978, beginning at about 9:45 p. m., when border patrol agents discovered nine illegal aliens hiding under a culvert, which they then staked out. This was on a dirt road near the border, outside of Douglas. Testimony is in dispute over Herrera's exact actions during the incident. Stated most favorably to the government, it is that someone had placed a sack, with a rock on it, at the culvert. This alerted the agents, who then discovered the aliens. The agents waited and watched. Presently, Herrera appeared in his car, stopped after he had passed the culvert and the sack, turned the car around, came back to the culvert, stopped again, got out, and called down to the people under the culvert. Herrera claimed he had seen people under the culvert and had stopped to investigate. The border patrol agents testified that when one of the aliens shouted "policia," Herrera attempted to escape.

II. ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE OF PRIOR ACTS.

Rule 404(b), F.R.Ev., provides:

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.

Such evidence is not looked upon with favor, United States v. Aims Back, 9 Cir., 1979, 588 F.2d 1283, 1287. It is admissible only if:

(1) the prior act is similar and close enough in time to be relevant,

(2) the evidence of the prior act is clear and convincing and

(3) . . . the probative value of the evidence outweighs any potential prejudice.

United States v. Bronco, 9 Cir., 1979, 597 F.2d 1300, 1302-1303, Quoting United States v. Brashier, 9 Cir., 1976, 548 F.2d 1315, 1325. ¹ It was the government's burden to show that the evidence offered is relevant, and that it is more probative than prejudicial. United States v. Hernandez-Miranda, 9 Cir., 1979, 601 F.2d 1104, 1108. However, once such evidence is admitted, its admission will not be held to be reversible error, absent an abuse of discretion by the trial judge. United States v. Espinoza, 9 Cir., 1978, 578 F.2d 224, 228.

Herrera concedes that the incidents involved in the two prior arrests were similar and were close enough in time to be relevant. His argument is that the evidence of the prior arrests was weak and contradictory, and that the prejudicial effects of introducing it overwhelmed any probative value it may have had.

In deciding whether the evidence of prior acts was clear and convincing, we are mindful that the government introduced the evidence to prove Herrera's knowledge that the passengers he transported were aliens who were in the United States illegally. The inference of knowledge from the fact that under different but similar circumstances Herrera had previously transported other people who were also illegal aliens is justified only if, in each case, the facts would support an inference that Herrera knew that those people were illegal aliens. If, in each case, the people only appeared to be of Mexican descent, that would not be enough. United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 1975, 422 U.S. 873, 885-886, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607; United States v. Munoz, 9 Cir., 1979, 604 F.2d 1160, 1161; United States v. Mallides, 9 Cir., 1973, 473 F.2d 859, 861.

The fact that, in each of the instances of prior arrest, the government did not prosecute, weakens the probative value of those incidents. So does the tendency of juries to give excessive weight to such prior arrests, or to use them to characterize a defendant unfairly. 1 Wigmore, Evidence (3d Ed. 1940) § 194.

Nevertheless, in the light of certain of our decisions, we cannot hold here that the admission of the evidence of the prior arrests was an abuse of discretion. In each case, there was more than the mere fact that persons who appeared to be of Mexican descent were involved. In the first occurrence, the men involved had been seen coming from the direction of the nearby border at night, entering a bar, coming out, first one, then others, and entering Herrera's car, and being joined by Herrera and driven away by him, a fairly typical example of a rendezvous between aliens and one who is to assist them. In the second instance, there were the late hour, the marker by the culvert, the aliens hiding there, the arrival of Herrera, his apparent recognizing of the marker, his stopping, returning, and calling out, and his attempt to flee when discovered by the agent. In each case, a fact finder could infer the requisite knowledge on Herrera's part.

We cannot say consistently with our holdings in United States v. Espinoza, 1978, 578 F.2d 224, 227-228, and United States v. Holley, 9 Cir., 1974, 493 F.2d 581, 584, that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence of the two prior instances in this case. In Esp...