U.S. v. Hill

• Decision Date: 08 June 2005
• Docket Number: No. 03-3387.,03-3387.
• Citation: 410 F.3d 468
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Rodney Phillip HILL, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

410 F.3d 468

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Rodney Phillip HILL, Appellant.

No. 03-3387.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: May 11, 2004.

Filed: June 8, 2005.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied August 5, 2005.^*

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J. Michael Mayer, argued, Des Moines, Iowa, for appellant.

Debra L. Scorpiniti, AUSA, argued, Des Moines, Iowa, for appellee.

Before WOLLMAN, HANSEN, and BYE, Circuit Judges.

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

Rodney Phillip Hill was indicted on one count of conspiracy to manufacture and distribute methamphetamine and marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. After a trial at which nearly 20 non-law enforcement witnesses testified about their drug-related interactions with, and observations of, Hill, he was convicted and sentenced to life in prison. On appeal, Hill argues (1) that the district court¹ erred in admitting testimony that Hill tried to have a number of people, including two grand jury witnesses, murdered; (2) that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's conclusion that there was a single, large drug conspiracy; and (3) that the sentencing enhancements found by the district court were unconstitutional in light of Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). We affirm.

I.

Hill first argues that the district court erred in denying his in limine motion to exclude co-conspirator Greg Gilley's testimony that on three occasions Hill provided Gilley with a firearm and asked that he use the firearm to kill or maim an individual. Hill argues that Gilley's testimony constituted "other crimes, wrongs, or acts" evidence, the admission of which is governed by Fed.R.Evid. 404(b). The government contends that Rule 404(b) is inapplicable because evidence of violent acts committed in furtherance of a drug conspiracy is admissible as substantive evidence of the existence of the alleged conspiracy. We agree with the government's position and conclude that Gilley's testimony was properly admitted by the district court.

Gilley testified about actions that were clearly intended to further the drug conspiracy. Two of the intended victims were slated to testify before a grand jury. Another intended victim had stolen drugs and other property from the conspiracy. The final intended victim had created problems for the conspiracy by drawing police attention to a location where members of the conspiracy manufactured methamphetamine. Because Gilley testified that Hill ordered him to commit these shootings in furtherance of the conspiracy, the testimony was admissible as substantive evidence of the existence of the conspiracy and was probative of the charged crime. United States v. Maynie, 257 F.3d 908, 915-16 (8th Cir.2001). Accordingly, Rule 404(b) is inapplicable. Id. The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Gilley's testimony was not unfairly prejudicial, because the details of his interactions with Hill tended to illustrate the nature of Hill's involvement in the conspiracy and the lengths to which he would go to further it. Id.

Even if Gilley's testimony constituted "other crimes, wrongs, or acts" evidence it would still be admissible. Rule 404(b) is a rule of inclusion, meaning that we presume that other crimes evidence is admissible to prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, unless the party seeking its exclusion can demonstrate that it serves only to prove the defendant's "criminal disposition." United States v. Campa-Fabela, 210 F.3d 837, 840 (8th Cir.2000). Other crimes evidence is admissible if it is relevant to a material issue, the other crimes are similar and reasonably close in time to the charged crime, the evidence is sufficient to support a jury's finding that the defendant committed the other crimes, and the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. United States v. Carroll, 207 F.3d 465, 469 n. 2 (8th Cir.2000).

Here, Gilley's testimony was clearly probative of the existence, extent, and duration of the alleged drug conspiracy as well as Hill's involvement in the conspiracy and was thus relevant to a material issue. Additionally, the acts Gilley testified about were closely related in time to the charged crime because they occurred in the midst of the conspiracy and were intended to extract retribution for drugs stolen from the conspiracy or to ensure the security of the enterprise. It was for the jury to judge Gilley's credibility based on all available evidence, including the fact that Gilley testified pursuant to a limited immunity agreement. Finally, although the testimony was prejudicial to Hill (as is all evidence tending to prove a defendant's guilt), it was not unfairly so because the evidence was closely related to the charged crime and the detail given was necessary to show that relation. United States v. Shoffner, 71 F.3d 1429, 1433 (8th Cir.1995).

II.

Hill next argues that the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient as a matter of law to support the jury's conclusion that he was a member of a single drug conspiracy. We review de novo the sufficiency of the evidence, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and upholding it if, based on all the evidence and all reasonable inferences in favor of the verdict, any reasonable juror could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Martin, 369 F.3d 1046, 1059 (8th Cir.2004); United States v. Hamilton, 332 F.3d 1144, 1148-49 (8th Cir.2003). To establish the existence of a conspiracy, the government must prove that an agreement was made to do something illegal—in this case, that Hill and others agreed to manufacture and distribute drugs. United States v. Hester, 140 F.3d 753, 760 (8th Cir.1998). A person must intentionally enter into the conspiracy and must know its ultimate goal. Id. However, it is not necessary that the participants or activities remain static throughout the duration of the conspiracy. United States v. Pullman, 187 F.3d 816, 821 (8th Cir.1999). Indeed, participants may be uninvolved in, or even unaware of, all acts committed in furtherance of the conspiracy. The jury must simply be able to find that there was an overall agreement to pursue a common, unlawful end. Id.

Based on the totality of the circumstances, id., we conclude that the evidence in this case was sufficient to sustain the jury's finding that Hill was a member of a single, massive conspiracy. The record reveals the existence of a large, but typical, "hub and spokes" conspiracy, with Hill as a hub: he purchased drugs and drug precursors from a variety of individuals; he manufactured or processed the purchased drugs and drug precursors; and he packaged and distributed the drugs to consumers and lower-level dealers. This evidence is consistent with the finding of a single conspiracy. United States v. Slaughter, 128 F.3d 623, 630 (8th Cir.1997).

Hill also briefly argues that the district court erroneously failed to give a multiple conspiracy instruction and failed to find a variance between the indictment and the proof at trial. Because Hill did not raise these issues before the district court, we review them for plain error. Id. Because the evidence adduced at trial was consistent with the jury's finding that there was a single drug conspiracy, the district court did not err in not giving a multiple conspiracy instruction. Id. Similarly, because the evidence was consistent with the allegations made in the indictment, there was no variance. United States v. Novak, 217 F.3d 566, 576 (8th Cir.2000).

III.

We granted Hill's post-oral-argument motion for supplemental briefing in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Blakely, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403. Hill argues that his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights were violated when the district court enhanced his sentence under the United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G.) based on facts not admitted by him or found by a jury.² The Supreme Court has since decided United States v. Booker, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), in which it concluded that a sentence imposed under a mandatory guidelines scheme based on judicially found facts constitutes a violation of the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 756. The Booker Court remedied the constitutional error in the sentencing scheme by excising the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 that made the guidelines mandatory and rendering advisory the guidelines scheme. Id. at 764.

Hill failed to preserve this issue before the district court, and we accordingly review for plain error. See United States v. Pirani, 406 F.3d 543, 552 (8th Cir.2005) (en...