U.S. v. Hughes

• Decision Date: 24 July 1989
• Docket Number: No. 87-2585,87-2585
• Citation: 880 F.2d 101
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Reginald HUGHES a/k/a Raymond Dashun Calloway, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 101

880 F.2d 101

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Reginald HUGHES a/k/a Raymond Dashun Calloway, Appellant.

No. 87-2585.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit.

Submitted on Rehearing March 23, 1989.

Decided July 24, 1989.

James Knappenberger, St. Louis, Mo., for appellant.

Steven A. Muchnick, St. Louis, Mo., for appellee.

Before LAY, Chief Judge, and HENLEY, Senior Circuit Judge, and FAGG, Circuit Judge.

HENLEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

This appeal in a criminal case was originally submitted to this same panel on September 21, 1988. Panel opinion was filed December 21, 1988. On March 23, 1989 the panel granted appellee's petition for rehearing, withdrew the original panel opinion and resubmitted the cause without further argument.

The panel originally chose to remand for consideration of the government's explanation for using its peremptory challenges to exclude three black veniremen. See Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). We adhere to that result.

Reginald Hughes, a black man, appeals from his conviction of possession with intent to distribute heroin; and conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute, and distribution, in excess of 500 grams of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. Secs. 841(a)(1) and 846. After trial to a jury, the district court ¹ sentenced Hughes to imprisonment for a period of twelve years, to be followed by a term of supervised release for three years.

Hughes raises six issues on appeal concerning: (1) his warrantless arrest and the search and seizures of and from the apartment of David Preston; (2) the district court's refusal to give a proposed jury instruction; (3) sufficiency of the evidence on the conspiracy charge; (4) admission of certain evidence; (5) jury composition; and (6) alleged prosecutorial excesses.

Hughes makes a number of objections to the process by which the jury was selected, namely: (1) defense counsel was not allowed to conduct the voir dire himself; (2) three challenges for cause were incorrectly denied; (3) the jury selection system did not draw jurors from a fair cross-section of the community; and (4) a violation of Batson took place. We have reviewed the record carefully and find the first three objections to the jury selection process, listed above, to be without merit.

We need only address at this time the Batson issue raised concerning the composition of the jury. Hughes claims that there exists a prima facie case of unconstitutional racial discrimination by the government's peremptory striking of three blacks from the jury. The district court overruled defendant's objection at trial and stated:

[O]f the six blacks, one was excused for cause at the request of the defendant, three were challenged on a peremptory basis by the government, and two remain on the jury.

The [c]ourt does not believe that this constitutes any [c]onstitutional deprivation under Batson and succeeding cases, which have interpreted Batson. And accordingly, although some impropriety has been raised by objection by [c]ounsel for the defendant, the [c]ourt does not feel that there is any in view of the fact that two of the twelve members of the jury selected are black. ²

The government on appeal, as did the district court, relied largely, if not exclusively, on a mathematical analysis for Batson challenges. While it is true that the Supreme Court declined to "formulate particular procedures to be followed upon a defendant's timely objection to a prosecutor's challenges," Batson, 476 U.S. at 99, 106 S.Ct. at 1724, we have never held that the Supreme Court contemplated the use of a purely numerical formula.

The Supreme Court did hold that a defendant can establish a prima facie case by showing that the prosecutor exercised peremptory challenges to remove from the venire members of the defendant's race and that those facts and "any other relevant circumstances raise an inference that the prosecutor used that practice to exclude the veniremen from the petit jury on account of their race." Id. at 96, 106 S.Ct. at 1722 (emphasis added). In deciding whether the defendant has made the requisite showing, the trial court should "consider all relevant circumstances." Id. at 96, 97, 106 S.Ct. at 1722, 1723 (emphasis added). See also Teague v. Lane, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 1066, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989); United States v. Johnson, 873 F.2d 1137, 1139-40 (8th Cir.1989).

In United States v. Battle, 836 F.2d 1084, 1086 (8th Cir.1987), this court noted, "[i]n remanding this case, we emphasize that under Batson, the striking of a single black juror for racial reasons violates the equal protection clause, even though other black jurors are seated, and even when there are valid reasons for the striking of some black jurors." See also United States v. Rodrequez, 859 F.2d 1321, 1324 (8th Cir.1988); United States v. Gordon, 817 F.2d 1538, 1541 (11th Cir.1987), vacated in part on other grounds, 836 F.2d 1312 (11th Cir.), cert. dismissed, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 28, 101 L.Ed.2d 979 (1988); United States v. David, 803 F.2d 1567, 1571 (11th Cir.1986). ³

At base the question before us is whether the defendant made a prima facie showing of purposeful discrimination. The Batson decision placed great confidence in a trial judge's ability to identify a prima facie case of race discrimination. 476 U.S. at 97, 99 n. 22, 106 S.Ct. at 1723, 1724 n. 22. However, as indicated, the government and the district court here gave undue, if not exclusive, weight to the fact that two blacks served on the jury and left us without benefit of the trial court's views concerning other aspects of the discrimination issue. Thus, we turn to the record.

There were six blacks on the original jury panel. One of these jurors was struck for cause at defendant's request. The government then exercised its peremptory challenge to three of the remaining five black jurors. During voir dire one of these three jurors, Gwenda Payne, never spoke, i.e., she did not answer affirmatively to any of the district court's questions calculated to determine bias or prejudice. Yet, as we read the voir dire, others did not answer and some of those who did not answer appear to have served on the petit jury.

A second of the blacks challenged, Booker Washington, had served as a juror in city court and had been a victim of a burglary eight years earlier. Mr. Washington stated that his experience as a victim of crime would not interfere with his ability to hear and fairly decide this case. About half of the venire similarly had been crime victims and several had prior jury service. No good non-racial reason for challenge is reflected in this record or even suggested.

The third challenged black, Mrs. Bloodsaw, stated that she had a family member who was convicted of a felony some fifteen years before. Neither the relationship nor the nature of the felony is identified in the record. Mrs. Bloodsaw stated that she would not be prejudiced against either the government or the defendant. She had once been on a civil venire but had not been chosen to serve on a petit jury. Both she and her husband are employed in respectable occupations.

There is some authority for the proposition that family misconduct may amount to a valid reason for a juror challenge. See,...