U.S. v. Isom

• Decision Date: 14 March 2011
• Docket Number: No. 10–1085.,10–1085.
• Citation: 635 F.3d 904
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee,v.Chazzie T. ISOM, Defendant–Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

635 F.3d 904

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.Chazzie T. ISOM, Defendant–Appellant.

No. 10–1085.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued Dec. 14, 2010.Decided March 14, 2011.

Joseph H. Hartzler (argued), Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Springfield, IL, for Plaintiff–Appellee.Casey R. Fronk (argued), Attorney, Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Chicago, IL, for Defendant–Appellant.Before POSNER, RIPPLE, and ROVNER, Circuit Judges.ROVNER, Circuit Judge.

After a jury trial, Chazzie Isom was convicted of three counts of distributing cocaine base. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A). The sales totaled about 70 grams, but the district court attributed to him as relevant conduct a much larger amount—roughly 600 grams—and sentenced him to 262 months' imprisonment. On appeal Isom primarily challenges this relevant conduct finding, arguing that he should not be accountable for drug transactions involving two coconspirators. Because the district court properly calculated the drug quantity using reliable information, we affirm.

I.

At trial, an undercover special agent with the Illinois State Police described three controlled buys of crack cocaine from Isom; each purchase was the basis for a separate count. Regarding the first purchase, the agent testified that he called Isom in December 2008 and arranged to buy two “eight-balls” ¹ (about 3.5 grams of crack cocaine each) in a parking lot. The agent went to the lot, parked next to a red van, and climbed in. He bought about 6 grams of crack from a woman in the van, Nancy Rose. Rose too testified at trial, corroborated the agent's account, and stated that she was at the parking lot at Isom's instruction. She also stated that she used crack twice a day, and that Isom gave her drugs in exchange for letting him sell drugs from her home and occasionally delivering for him.

The second purchase occurred five days later. The agent recounted that he called Isom and arranged to buy more crack in another parking lot; Isom arrived in the same red van, entered the agent's car, and handed the agent a Doritos bag containing 5.5 grams of crack cocaine.

The third purchase occurred in January 2009. According to the agent, after a series of phone calls, Isom agreed to sell him an ounce of crack cocaine. Isom met the agent at a Wendy's parking lot, entered the agent's car, took the agent's money, and then told the agent that he could find the drugs in a trash can in the Wendy's restroom. There, the agent found 61.3 grams of crack cocaine, and Isom was arrested later that day.

In the presentence report, the probation officer held Isom accountable not only for the 72.8 grams (6 + 5.5 + 61.3) he sold to the agent, but also for 537.28 grams he allegedly distributed to coconspirators Karen Coffey and Nancy Rose. Isom's dealings with Coffey constituted the lion's share of this quantity. The probation officer estimated Isom's distribution to Coffey at 467.28 grams, based on statements she gave to law enforcement that from August 2007 to spring 2008 she delivered drugs for Isom 5 days a week, up to 20 times a day, and that nearly every delivery involved crack cocaine worth $50. Based on this statement, the probation officer calculated that on 132 occasions Isom distributed 3.54 grams (132 x 3.54 = 467.28). The probation officer attributed to Isom an additional 70 grams based on statements Rose made to law enforcement that—in addition to the amounts she distributed for Isom—he typically gave her $50 to $75 worth of crack cocaine per day over 2 months. Based on these sums, the probation officer estimated that Isom gave Rose one gram a day for 70 days—totaling 70 grams.

Isom was also held accountable for an additional 9 grams stemming from two uncharged, controlled sales: one that Isom made to the undercover agent in early December for 3.4 grams of crack; and one that Coffey made to the agent for 5.6 grams while the agent was trying to arrange to buy drugs from Isom. Isom did not (nor does he now) contest that these 9 grams were properly included as relevant conduct.

Isom curtly disagreed with the presentence report's inclusion of the 537.28 grams distributed to Rose and Coffey as relevant conduct; he asserted without elaboration that this relevant conduct was based on unreliable hearsay. But the probation officer did not address this disagreement because, the officer wrote, “it did not rise to the level of a formal objection.” He noted, though, that Isom's concession of being responsible for 80.2 ² rather than 72.8 grams reflected Isom's acknowledgment that the report contains “some accurate information.”

At the sentencing hearing, the agent who bought drugs from Isom testified in support of the probation officer's drug-quantity calculation. The agent verified that Coffey was an associate of Isom's: the agent had called Isom's phone and spoken to Isom's girlfriend, who arranged for the agent to buy drugs from Coffey. The agent added that Coffey later acknowledged delivering drugs for Isom and identified both Rose and Isom's girlfriend as persons she knew who were also selling drugs on Isom's behalf. The agent likewise verified that Nancy Rose told officers who interviewed her that Isom was selling drugs from her home and that he gave her crack. The agent also testified that Rose identified Coffey as a regular customer of Isom's.

The district court adopted the probation officer's recommendation, and included 619.08 grams (72.8 + 9 + 537.28) as relevant conduct. The court found the agent credible and noted that the drug-quantity calculation was conservative given the broad scope of the uncharged conspiracy. The court calculated Isom's base offense level at 34, see U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(3), added 3 points for a managerial role in the offense, see id. § 3B1.1(b), and assigned a criminal history category of III, to arrive at a guidelines range of 262 to 327 months. The court sentenced Isom to 262 months' imprisonment, remarking that the sentence was reasonable and necessary to punish Isom for his crime and deter him and his coconspirators from engaging in future criminal activity.

II.

Now represented on appeal by different counsel, Isom makes two arguments for resentencing. First, he asserts that the district court overstated his relevant conduct and, as a result, imposed too severe of a sentence. He also argues that his counsel was ineffective at sentencing for failing to raise the sentencing disparity between crack and powder under Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 128 S.Ct. 558, 169 L.Ed.2d 481 (2007).

Isom argues that the district court erroneously increased his base offense level when it earmarked 537.28 grams of drugs as relevant conduct. The relevant conduct beyond the 80 grams that he conceded he sold increased his sentencing exposure from a mandatory minimum of 240 months to an advisory guideline range of 262 to 327 months.³ See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A); U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(3).

Isom contends that the district court should have presumed that Rose's and Coffey's statements—which led to his being held accountable for 537.28 grams—were unreliable hearsay because the two were non-testifying coconspirators. He cites United States v. Jones, 371 F.3d 363, 369 (7th Cir.2004), and United States v. Santiago, 495 F.3d 820, 825 (7th Cir.2007), to argue that a sentencing court must presume a coconspirator's statement unreliable if that statement: (1) was given with government involvement; (2) described past events; and (3) has not been subjected to adversarial testing. He notes that, for her involvement, Rose received 48 months' probation in state court.

But Isom misapprehends this court's interpretation of the presumption. Jones recognized this presumption when admitting a coconspirator's statement at trial, not sentencing. 371 F.3d at 369; see United States v. House, 551 F.3d 694, 699 n. 2 (7th Cir.2008). A district court in determining a sentence is not bound by the same evidentiary standards that apply in a criminal trial. See Fed.R.Evid. 1101(d)(3); United States v. Johnson, 489 F.3d 794, 796 (7th Cir.2007). The presumption of unreliability for non-testifying coconspirators is premised on the defendant's right at trial to confront his accusers, see, e.g., Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116, 137, 119 S.Ct. 1887, 144 L.Ed.2d 117 (1999) (plurality opinion); United States v. Ochoa, 229 F.3d 631, 637 (7th Cir.2000), but the Confrontation Clause does not apply at sentencing, Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 250–51, 69 S.Ct. 1079, 93 L.Ed. 1337 (1949); United States v. Betts, 576 F.3d 738, 744 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, ––– U.S. ––––, 130 S.Ct. 1027, 175 L.Ed.2d 620 (2009); United States v. Roche, 415 F.3d 614, 618 (7th Cir.2005). With regard to sentencing, this court has declined to attach any presumption of unreliability to coconspirators' statements. See House, 551 F.3d at 699 n. 2; United States v. Artley, 489 F.3d 813, 821 (7th Cir.2007); Johnson, 489 F.3d at 797; see also United States v. Moncivais, 492 F.3d 652, 659–60 (6th Cir.2007). As this court has repeatedly observed, a sentencing judge is free to credit testimony that is “totally uncorroborated,” “comes from an admitted liar, convicted felon, ... large scale drug-dealing, paid government informant,” or “self-interested co-conspirator[ ].” Johnson, 489 F.3d at 797 (internal quotation and citation omitted).

Isom's reliance on Santiago is similarly misplaced. In that case, which involved videotaped confessions of two men that were used to substantiate the defendant's role in a kidnapping and murder, this court bypassed any discussion of the presumption. The opinion quoted the elements of the presumption and noted the district court's awareness of them, yet affirmed the defendant's sentence without deciding the reliability of the recorded confessions. Santiago, 495 F.3d at 824–25; see United States v. Busara, 551 F.3d 669, 672–73 (7th Cir.2008).

As the government points out, Isom invokes this...