U.S. v. Jackson

• Decision Date: 21 January 1993
• Docket Number: No. 91-2969,91-2969
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Warren J. JACKSON, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 57

974 F.2d 57

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Warren J. JACKSON, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 91-2969.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued May 22, 1992.

Decided Sept. 3, 1992.

Rehearing Denied Jan. 21, 1993.

John W. Vaudreuil, Asst. U.S. Atty., Madison, Wis. (argued), for plaintiff-appellee.

Margaret Danielson, Madison, Wis. (argued), for defendant-appellant.

Before BAUER, Chief Judge, MANION, Circuit Judge, and GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge. ^*

BAUER, Chief Judge.

On May 30, 1991, a jury sitting in the Western District of Wisconsin found defendant-appellant Warren Jackson guilty of conspiring to possess cocaine with the intent to distribute and conspiring to distribute cocaine. The jury found Jackson not guilty of three other cocaine-related charges.

In preparation for sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared a pre-sentence report ("PSI") dated July 1, 1991. In the PSI, the probation office recommended a two-level enhancement under the Sentencing Guidelines for Jackson's obstruction of justice, and another two-level increase for his supervisory role in the offense. The probation office recommended these enhancements because (1) Jackson concealed his post-indictment arrest and subsequent state court charge for heroin possession, and (2) Jackson organized the cocaine distribution conspiracy.

Although Jackson filed various objections to the PSI, he did not challenge the probation office's two recommended enhancements. On the contrary, the major thrust of the defendant's objections to the PSI centered upon the amount of cocaine involved in the conspiracy. When the district court concluded that there was insufficient evidence to maintain that Jackson conspired to possess with the intent to distribute more than 3.5 kilograms of cocaine--the probation office suggested that Jackson's conduct involved 25.4 kilograms--defense counsel stated, "I have nothing further to say then." Transcript of Sentencing Hearing, R. Doc. 95 ("Sentencing Trans.") at 53-54.

The district court calculated a base offense level of 30. It added the four additional levels due to the two recommended enhancements. Thus, Jackson's total offense level was 34 which, coupled with a Criminal History Category II, resulted in a sentencing range of 168-210 months. The court imposed a sentence of 180 months imprisonment to be followed by a five-year term of supervised release. Jackson appealed.

On appeal, Jackson makes two claims: that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction and that the district court erred by accepting the probation office's recommendations that he receive a two-level increase for obstruction of justice and a two-level increase for his role in the offense. Neither claim has merit. We reject each in turn.

Jackson first argues that the evidence against him was insufficient to sustain his conviction because it was composed almost entirely of the hearsay statements of co-conspirators. See Defendant's Brief at 11. Jackson acknowledges, however, that out-of-court statements of co-conspirators may be used to establish a conspiracy and, in conjunction with other evidence, establish a defendant's participation in the conspiracy. See id. See also United States v. Thompson, 944 F.2d 1331, 1341 (7th Cir.1991) ("Co-conspirator testimony about the words and deeds of a defendant are not hearsay; the words and deeds of the defendant, while themselves out-of-court statements, are admissions, and because the testimony is offered in court, the statements of the co-conspirator are not hearsay either."). In United States v. Durrive, 902 F.2d 1221 (7th Cir.1990), we declared,

We are persuaded that when a criminal defendant raises a sufficiency of the evidence challenge to a conviction, including any conspiracy conviction, the correct standard of review is substantial evidence. Of course, we will continue to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and accept circumstantial evidence as support, even sole support, for a conviction.

Id. at 1229.

Jackson, then, has an uphill climb in this appeal: we will overturn a verdict only when the record is "devoid of any evidence, regardless of how it is weighed, from which a jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 1225. See also United States v. Reiswitz, 941 F.2d 488, 495 (7th Cir.1991) ("Our job on appeal is to determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." (quotations omitted)).

There is no doubt about the elements of Jackson's crimes: a conspiracy is a confederation of two or more persons formed for the purpose of committing, by their joint efforts, a criminal act. United States v. Aguilar, 948 F.2d 392, 395 (7th Cir.1991). To obtain a conspiracy conviction, the government must prove that the defendant (1) knew of the conspiracy, and (2) intended to associate himself with the criminal scheme. Id. In the instant case, the evidence adduced at trial was more than sufficient to sustain Jackson's conspiracy conviction.

In Thompson, we chose not to answer the question whether a conspiracy conviction based solely on out-of-court statements of co-conspirators should be sustained on appeal. See Thompson, 944 F.2d at 1341. See also United States v. Martinez de Ortiz, 907 F.2d 629, 632 (7th Cir.1990) (en banc). We found it unnecessary to resolve that dilemma because there was significant evidence to corroborate the out-of-court co-conspirator statements introduced against the defendant. The same can be said in the instant case. Indeed, the corroborating evidence in the instant case exceeds the level of corroboration found sufficient in Thompson. A brief review of the evidence demonstrates our conclusion.

Jackson's conspiracy charge in the indictment originally named William M. Miller and Marc L. Cayle as co-conspirators. Prior to trial, the charges against Cayle were dismissed. In addition, at the time of Jackson's trial, Miller, who is Cayle's cousin, was a fugitive. The government's proof focused on the time period from late 1987 through October 1988. Throughout most of that time, Cayle was a student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. At a fraternity house at the University, Miller introduced Jackson, to whom Miller referred as "Squeak," to Cayle. Cayle soon began assisting Miller and Jackson in the distribution of cocaine. Cayle introduced his friends and associates to Miller who soon became Miller's customers. In connection with these sales of cocaine, Miller used Cayle's telephone and, as a result, paid the telephone bills. At one point, Cayle's bill was sent directly to Miller at the Presidential Towers apartment complex in Chicago.

At trial, both indicted and unindicted co-conspirators offered Miller's out-of-court statements. For instance, Cayle testified that Miller told him that Jackson was his (Miller's) source for cocaine. See Transcript of Proceeding at Trial ("Trial Trans.") at 1-B-17. Brigham Miller, a cocaine purchaser, also testified that Bill Miller stated that "Squeak" was his cocaine source. See id. at 1-A-31. Two other cocaine purchasers, Kevin Camnitz and William Webb, testified that Miller's narcotic activities were connected to "Squeak" Jackson.

These out-of-court statements implicating Jackson as Miller's cocaine supplier were corroborated by other evidence. Cayle's independent observations, for instance, provide significant support. Cayle testified that he saw Miller and Jackson arrive together at the Madison airport from Chicago. Jackson and Miller immediately went into a bathroom. Moments later, Jackson emerged from the bathroom and got back on a plane to Chicago. Miller came out of the bathroom, met Cayle, and the two of them walked to Cayle's car. Miller then showed Cayle two small bags of cocaine. These observations support Miller's out-of-court statement that Jackson was Miller's cocaine source. Cayle believed that Jackson had transferred the cocaine to Miller in the bathroom.

Cayle also testified that he observed Jackson in the Presidential Towers apartment (the same apartment where Cayle's phone bill had been sent) counting stacks of...