U.S.A. v. Jesus, RODRIGUEZ-DE

• Decision Date: 16 February 2000
• Docket Number: No. 99-1361,RODRIGUEZ-DE,99-1361
• Citation: 202 F.3d 482
• Parties: (1st Cir. 2000) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. RUBENJESUS, Defendant, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 482

202 F.3d 482 (1st Cir. 2000)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. RUBEN RODRIGUEZ-DE JESUS, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 99-1361.

United States Court of Appeals, for the First Circuit.

Submitted Sept. 21, 1999.

Decided February 16, 2000.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO. Hon. Salvador E. Casellas, U.S. District Judge.

Anita Hill-Adames, Assistant Federal Public Defender, and Joseph C. Laws, Jr., Federal Public Defender, on brief for appellant.

Camille Velez-Rive, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Guillermo Gil, United States Attorney, and Jorge E. Vega-Pacheco, Assistant U.S. Attorney, on brief for appellee.

Before Torruella, Chief Judge, Stahl and Lynch, Circuit Judges.

LYNCH, Circuit Judge.

Ruben Rodriguez-De Jesus (Rodriguez) appeals the denial of his motion for a new trial, which alleged prosecutorial misconduct. Rodriguez argues that the prosecutor's statement that "he [Rodriguez] also lied" was sufficiently prejudicial to warrant a new trial, and that the district court abused its discretion in denying his motion. Given the circumstances in which the statement was made, we affirm the district court's decision.

I

In September 1996, Rodriguez submitted a claim to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for damage caused by Hurricane Hortense to a house that he stated was his principal place of residence. Rodriguez received a $4,915 grant for repairs to the house and a $1,671 grant for rental assistance. On April 22, 1998, Rodriguez was indicted on two counts of fraud against the United States. The first count was for making a false statement in a matter within the jurisdiction of a federal agency, 18 U.S.C. § 1001; the second count was for making a false claim to a federal agency, 18 U.S.C. § 287. The indictment alleged that the house for which Rodriguez had received FEMA assistance had not actually been his principal place of residence at the time of the hurricane. If the house that was destroyed had not been Rodriguez's principal place of residence, he would not have qualified for the grants he received from FEMA; at best, he would have only qualified to receive a loan.

During the trial, Juanita Carrion Vasquez (Carrion), the government's chief witness, testified that she rented the house in question from Rodriguez, and that the house was not Rodriguez's principal residence. Carrion herself requested and received from FEMA rental assistance and compensation for property in the house that was destroyed by the hurricane.

On August 6, 1998, a jury convicted Rodriguez on the first count and acquitted him on the second. Rodriguez was ordered to serve one hour of imprisonment at the U.S. Marshals' office, pay a $100 special monetary assessment, and make restitution of $6,586. Rodriguez made timely motions for judgment of acquittal, Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(c), or, in the alternative, for a new trial, Fed. R. Crim. P. 33, which the district court denied. Rodriguez appealed the denial of his motion for a new trial.

II

This appeal focuses on one statement by the prosecutor. Prosecution witness Carrion testified that she had been renting the house from Rodriguez for more than three years before the hurricane struck, and that Rodriguez did not live there himself. In his testimony, Rodriguez stated that he had never agreed to rent the house to Carrion, but that he had been letting her and her children stay there for free as a favor. He testified that shortly before the hurricane he had separated from his wife and moved into one of the rooms in the house in which Carrion was living. Carrion denied that Rodriguez had moved into the house.

Rodriguez said that after the hurricane, in an effort to help Carrion get housing assistance, he had lied to Sylvia Guzman, a representative of the Housing Department, by telling her that Carrion had been paying him $300 rent each month. He also testified that he called Guzman back later and confessed to having lied to her about Carrion's having paid rent.

After the defense had rested, the government informed the court that it intended to call Guzman as a rebuttal witness. Out of the presence of the jury, the prosecutor said that Guzman would testify that Rodriguez had admitted lying to her but had not offered any reason for telling the lie. The court suggested that a stipulation could make Guzman's testimony unnecessary, and defense counsel agreed to stipulate that Rodriguez never mentioned to Guzman why he had lied to her. The judge then addressed the jury:

THE COURT: . . . . The stipulation is as follows: When the defendant called back Sylvia Guzman [of] the Housing Department, he informed her he had lied about the $300 rent. He did not mention why he lied, but he did call and told her he lied about the $300 rent.

Is that satisfactory, counsel?

PROSECUTOR: Yes, and he also lied.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: I object. It should have been done outside of the presence of the jury.

THE COURT: Exactly. Approach the bench.

In the sidebar that followed, the prosecutor explained that she disagreed with the inclusion of "about the $300 rent" in the stipulation. The judge then addressed the jury again:

THE COURT: Let me correct the stipulation . . . .

The parties have agreed that when the defendant, Mr. Rodriguez, called back Sylvia Guzman of the Housing Department and said he had lied in the earlier interview he did not give any reasons to her why he lied.

Okay, that is the stipulation. Is that satisfactory?

PROSECUTOR: Yes, it is.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes.

III

Rodriguez contends that the statement by the prosecutor, "and he also lied," affected the trial's outcome, and that therefore the district judge should have granted his motion for a new trial. We review the denial of a motion for a new trial for manifest abuse of discretion. See United States v. Gonzalez-Gonzalez, 136 F.3d 6, 12 (1st Cir. 1998). The determination of whether prosecutorial misconduct "has so poisoned the well that a new trial is required," United States v. Manning, 23 F.3d 570, 574 (1st Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), involves the weighing of several factors: "(1) the severity of the misconduct; (2) the context in which it occurred; (3) whether the judge gave any curative instructions and the likely effect of such instructions; and (4) the strength of the evidence against the defendant," id.; see also United States v. Auch, 187 F.3d 125, 129 (1st Cir. 1999) (similar factors).

We examine each of the Manning factors in turn. When reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, we take a balanced view of the evidence in the record. See United States v. Roberts, 119 F.3d 1006, 1008 (1st Cir. 1997); Arrieta-Agressot v. United States, 3 F.3d 525, 528 (1st Cir. 1993).

A. Severity of the Misconduct

Rodriguez argues that the prosecutor's statement "and he also lied" misled the jury into thinking Rodriguez had stipulated to one of the elements of the first count, making a false statement to a federal agency, when in fact the lie to which he stipulated (that the government's chief witness had been paying him rent) was not the lie he was charged with in the first count (that the dwelling for which he made a claim for emergency assistance was his primary residence at the time of the hurricane).

Although it is conceivable that the jury might have understood the prosecutor's remark to refer to the lie charged in the first count, that is not a likely interpretation. First, we note that in this context the exact meaning of the statement "he also lied" is far from self-evident. "[A] court should not lightly infer that a prosecutor intends an ambiguous remark to have its most damaging meaning . . . ." United States v. Lilly, 983 F.2d 300,...