U.S. v. Kelley, 85-1259

Citation890 F.2d 220
Decision Date21 November 1989
Docket NumberNo. 85-1259,85-1259
Parties, 10 UCC Rep.Serv.2d 54 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Barton C. KELLEY and Donna Marie Kelley, et al., Defendants-Appellants, v. FAIRLAWN PLAZA STATE BANK, Third Party Defendant-Appellee.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (10th Circuit)

Frank M. Rice (Dan L. Wulz with him on the brief) of Schroer, Rice, Bryan & Lykins, Topeka, Kan., for defendants-appellants.

Alleen S. Castellani, Asst. U.S. Atty. (Benjamin L. Burgess, Jr., U.S. Atty., with her on the brief), Topeka, Kan., for plaintiff-appellee.

Arthur E. Palmer of Goodell, Stratton, Edmonds & Palmer, Topeka, Kan., filed a brief for third party defendant-appellee.

Before LOGAN and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges, and PHILLIPS, District Judge. *

LOGAN, Circuit Judge.

Defendants Barton and Donna Kelley appeal the grant of summary judgment in favor of plaintiff Small Business Administration (SBA) and the dismissal of third-party defendant Fairlawn Plaza State Bank (Bank). The Kelleys personally guaranteed two $130,000 promissory notes of Kelley Aquarium and Pet Supplies Co., Inc., for SBA-guaranteed loans through the Bank. Both notes were secured by assets of the debtor. The debtor subsequently defaulted and the Bank liquidated the collateral securing the notes. The net proceeds of the liquidation sale were applied to reduce the amounts owing on the notes. After liquidation, the Bank assigned its rights, title, and interest in the notes to the SBA. The SBA then filed this suit against the Kelleys and sought a deficiency judgment under the standard form SBA guaranty. The Kelleys joined the Bank as a third-party defendant and claimed that the liquidation sale was conducted in a commercially unreasonable manner in violation of the Kansas Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).

The district court originally denied the dispositive motions of the SBA and the Bank, but later granted these motions in light of United States v. Lattauzio, 748 F.2d 559 (10th Cir.1984). The issues on appeal are whether the Kelleys are entitled to raise the UCC defense of a commercially unreasonable sale, and, if so, whether they could and did waive that defense.

The SBA agreement here is identical to the one we considered in Lattauzio. There, relying on United States v. Kimbell Foods, Inc., 440 U.S. 715, 99 S.Ct. 1448, 59 L.Ed.2d 711 (1979), and 13 C.F.R. Sec. 101.1(d)(2) & (4), we held that federal law determines whether guarantors similarly situated to the Kelleys are entitled to raise, and to waive, the commercial unreasonableness defense. 748 F.2d at 562. We then "assumed" that the governing federal rule would incorporate state law, and so proceeded to apply the UCC of New Mexico the state involved. We further assumed that New Mexico UCC Sec. 9-504 "inures to the benefit of guarantors," but predicted that the New Mexico Supreme Court would allow guarantors to waive the protections of that section. By signing the standard form SBA guaranty agreement, we held, the guarantors in Lattauzio "waived by contract the protections arguably afforded by [Sec. 9-504]." Id. We followed Lattauzio 's "assumption" concerning incorporation of state law, and its interpretation of New Mexico law, in United States v. New Mexico Landscaping, Inc., 785 F.2d 843 (10th Cir.1986). 1

In this case, no party has disputed the district court's determination that the Kansas UCC should serve as the applicable substantive federal law. The SBA and the Bank argue that, in the absence of Kansas case law on point, our decisions in Lattauzio and New Mexico Landscaping control. We disagree. While the applicable UCC provisions in Kansas are identical to those in New Mexico, there is significant evidence that Kansas courts would hold the opposite of our Lattauzio and New Mexico Landscaping rulings.

We first consider the question of the availability to guarantors such as the Kelleys of Kansas UCC Sec. 9-504(3), which establishes the commercial unreasonableness defense. The section refers only to the "debtor," but the district court in the instant case determined that Kansas law would treat a guarantor as a debtor entitled to the defense. I R. at 112-14 (United States v. Kelley, 38 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. (Callaghan) 371, 375 (D.Kan.1983)). That was also the holding of another Kansas district judge, in United States v. Hunter, 652 F.Supp. 774, 778 (D.Kan.1987) (SBA guaranty case), and the view of the commentary to the Kansas UCC. Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 84-9-105(1)(d) 1983 Kansas comment ("The definition of 'debtor' in subsection (1)(d) is broad enough to include continuing guarantors and co-makers, which can have a major impact in an Article 9 foreclosure"). See also Note, Commercially Unreasonable Foreclosure Sales in the Context of a Surety Relationship--United States v. Lattauzio, 34 Kan.L.Rev. 175, 183-84 (1985) ("In line with Article 9's scheme of making distinctions along functional rather than formal lines, the context may require that a guarantor be considered a 'debtor' under Section 9-504(3).") (footnotes omitted).

This result is in accord with almost all decisions that have considered the issue. See, e.g., First Nat'l Bank v. Cillessen, 622 P.2d 598, 600-01 (Colo.Ct.App.1980); McEntire v. Indiana Nat'l Bank, 471 N.E.2d 1216, 1223 (Ind.Ct.App.1984); United States v. Jensen, 418 N.W.2d 65, 66 (Iowa 1988) (SBA case); Dakota Bank & Trust Co. v. Grinde, 422 N.W.2d 813, 817 (N.D.1988); Rhoten v. United Va. Bank, 221 Va. 222, 269 S.E.2d 781, 784 (1980); B. Clark, The Law of Secured Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code p 4.03[b] at 4-42 (2d ed.1988). 2 We thus turn to the issue of waiver.

UCC Sec. 9-501(3)(b) prohibits a "debtor" from waiving the commercial unreasonableness defense. There seems little doubt that Kansas courts would hold that this nonwaiver provision also inures to the benefit of a guarantor. See Hunter, 652 F.Supp. at 778-79, 782; Note, supra, 34 Kan.L.Rev. at 188-89. Barkley Clark, the former Kansas University law professor who wrote the Kansas commentary and who is one of the nation's leading authorities on the UCC, has taken the position that "[a]ny other rule would encourage creditor misbehavior in the holding of a foreclosure sale, since the creditor would be safe in the knowledge that the guarantor would pick up the tab for any deficiency." B. Clark, supra p 4.03[b] at 4-43. Clark's view is likely to be very influential with the Kansas courts. See Hunter, 652 F.Supp. at 779.

This position, too, is consistent with the holdings of "the overwhelming majority of courts ... that a guarantor is a debtor within the meaning of Section 9-501(3)...." In re Kirkland, 91 B.R. 551, 553 (Bankr. 9th Cir.1988) (quoting Connolly v. Bank of Sonoma County, 184 Cal.App.3d 1119, 1124, 229 Cal.Rptr. 396 (1986)) (California law). See, e.g., United States v. Conrad Publishing Co., 589 F.2d 949, 952-53 (8th Cir.1978) (SBA guaranty under North Dakota law); United States v. Friesz, 690 F.Supp. 843, 844 (E.D.Mo.1988) (SBA guaranty under Missouri law); Tri-Continental Leasing Corp. v. Cicerchia, 664 F.Supp. 635, 638 (D.Mass.1987) (New Jersey law); Shapex Corp. v. United States, 629 F.Supp. 751, 752 (M.D.Ala.1985) (SBA guaranty under Alabama law); United States v. Lang, 621 F.Supp. 1182, 1184 (D.Vt.1985) (SBA guaranty under Vermont law); United States ex rel. Small Business Admin. v. Chatlin's Dep't Store, Inc., 506 F.Supp. 108, 112 (E.D.Pa.1980) (SBA guaranty under Pennsylvania law); Prescott v. Thompson Tractor Co., 495 So.2d 513, 517 (Ala.1986); Branan v. Equico Lessors, Inc., 255 Ga. 718, 342 S.E.2d 671, 674 (1986); Liberty Bank v. Honolulu Providoring, 65 Haw. 273, 650 P.2d 576, 579-80 (1982); Jensen, 418 N.W.2d at 65, 67 (SBA guaranty under Iowa law); Shawmut Worcester County Bank v. Miller, 398 Mass. 273, 496 N.E.2d 625, 629 (1986); Chemlease Worldwide, Inc. v. Broce, Inc., 338 N.W.2d 428, 433 (Minn.1983) (New York law); Borg-Warner Acceptance Corp. v. Watton, 215 Neb. 318, 338 N.W.2d 612, 616 (1983); Grinde, 422 N.W.2d at 818.

We note also that while there are federal court decisions other than Lattauzio and New Mexico Landscaping holding that the standard SBA guaranty form waives the commercial unreasonableness defense under applicable state UCC provisions, many of these interpretations of state law have been rejected by the courts of the involved state. Compare, e.g., United States v. Meadors, 753 F.2d 590, 594 (7th Cir.1985) (SBA guaranty waives Sec. 9-504(3) defenses under Indiana law) with McEntire v. Indiana Nat'l Bank, 471 N.E.2d 1216, 1224-25 (Ind.Ct.App.1984) (guarantors cannot waive Sec. 9-504(3) defenses; distinguishes Indiana Article 3 cases cited in Meadors ); United States v. Kukowski, 735 F.2d 1057, 1059 (8th Cir.1984) (SBA guaranty waives Sec. 9-504(3) defenses under North Dakota law) with Dakota Bank & Trust Co. v. Grinde, 422 N.W.2d 813, 816-18 (N.D.1988) (guarantors cannot waive Sec. 9-504(3) defenses); United States v. Jones, 707 F.2d 1334 (11th Cir.1983) (per curiam) (SBA guaranty waives Sec. 9-504(3) defenses under Georgia law) with Branan v. Equicor Lessors, Inc., 255 Ga. 718, 342 S.E.2d 671, 674 (1986) (guarantor cannot waive Sec. 9-504(3) defenses).

There are sufficient numbers of circuit level decisions holding that the SBA guaranty waives the commercial reasonableness defense, 3 despite near unanimity to the contrary in state cases not involving the SBA, that one leading commentator has suggested the result can only be explained by the presence of the SBA as plaintiff. See Clark, UCC Survey: Secured Transactions, 42 Bus.Law. 1333, 1343 n. 38 (1987). Applying Kimbell Foods, the federal courts unanimously determine that federal law applies to SBA contract cases. They then easily conclude that the relevant state's UCC should serve as the applicable law, apparently in part because the uniformity of the state codes largely eliminates concerns about subjecting the SBA program to inconsistent state laws. What these...

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