U.S. v. Lazcano
Decision Date | 02 August 1989 |
Docket Number | No. 88-2704,88-2704 |
Citation | 881 F.2d 402 |
Parties | 28 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 532 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Alvaro LAZCANO, a/k/a Jose A. Lazcano, Defendant-Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit |
Stephanie Uhlarik, David J. Stetler, Asst. U.S. Attys., Criminal Receiving, Appellate Div., Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.
Clarence L. Burch, David Delgado, Burch & Delgado, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellant.
Before CUDAHY, POSNER, and RIPPLE, Circuit Judges.
Alvaro Lazcano appeals a jury verdict convicting him on two counts of knowingly distributing heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1). He submits that the conviction should be reversed because (1) he was entrapped as a matter of law, and (2) the district court committed reversible error in admitting into evidence a statement made by a person not present at trial. We now affirm the defendant's conviction.
At trial, the witnesses who testified on behalf of the government supplied the following information. On February 28, 1988, at the El Pobre Jose bar on North Avenue in Chicago, the defendant Alvaro Lazcano met with Angel Ortega to discuss a sale of heroin. Unbeknownst to Mr. Lazcano at that time, Ortega was a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) informer. The two heroin sales that followed this initial encounter form the basis of the conviction from which the defendant now appeals.
Ortega was introduced to Mr. Lazcano (then known to Ortega as "Alvaro Herrera") by a Colombian man who had told Ortega that Mr. Lazcano would be able to sell him drugs. During this first conversation, Mr. Lazcano and Ortega negotiated over the price, quality, and quantity of heroin. As part of these negotiations, Ortega first demanded that he inspect a sample of the heroin for quality before consummating a deal. Mr. Lazcano agreed and told Ortega that he would attempt to provide a sample for inspection. The next day, Ortega and the defendant met again at a restaurant. Mr. Lazcano stated that he was unable to obtain a sample, which cost $400 per gram. However, Mr. Lazcano told Ortega that he was still willing to arrange any purchase that Ortega desired; indeed, he stated that he had five kilograms of heroin at his disposal. Ortega replied that he was still interested. After talking with another man in the restaurant, Mr. Lazcano told Ortega that he would arrange a sale of at least one kilogram at a price of $190,000 per kilogram.
For various reasons, this transaction fell through. 1 On March 14, Ortega met with several Chicago-based DEA agents, including Agent Frank Tucci, to discuss arrangements for an alternative undercover purchase of drugs from the defendant. Ortega told them that Mr. Lazcano had approximately five kilograms of heroin stashed at a hotel near O'Hare Airport and was willing to sell high quality heroin for $5,500 per ounce. At this meeting, Ortega also stated that the defendant's name was Alvaro Herrera, that he was from the Durango area of Mexico, and that he was a member of the Herrera crime family--a large narcotics organization operating in the Chicago area. Ortega also told the agents that he believed Mr. Lazcano lived above the El Pobre Jose and that Mr. Lazcano could only be contacted through the public telephone at the bar. 2 The agents agreed to stage an undercover operation.
The next day, the DEA agents observed Ortega meeting with the defendant at the restaurant. At this meeting, Ortega and the defendant agreed to the sale of one ounce of heroin for $5,500 the following day at the O'Hare Plaza Hotel. On March 16, Agent Tucci and Ortega drove to the hotel, carrying $5,500 in marked government funds, and waited for the defendant to arrive and meet them in the hotel's parking lot. Soon afterwards, the defendant arrived and parked next to Agent Tucci's car. Ortega and Mr. Lazcano had a brief conversation in Spanish, after which the defendant removed a small package from his coat pocket and handed it to Ortega. Ortega, in turn, handed the package to Agent Tucci, who opened the package and examined the black rocky chips inside, which looked and smelled like heroin. Agent Tucci then paid the defendant the $5,500 purchase price; the defendant and Ortega also agreed that they would make arrangements for further sales of heroin. At approximately 8:00 p.m. that evening, the defendant and Ortega met again. Ortega told Mr. Lazcano that Agent Tucci had been pleased with the quality of the heroin sample obtained earlier that day and that they were ready to purchase two kilograms of heroin.
Several days later, on March 18, Mr. Lazcano telephoned Ortega at his home and said that he was only going to sell fifteen ounces of heroin to Ortega and Agent Tucci, not the two kilograms originally discussed. However, the transaction did not occur that evening because Mr. Lazcano never contacted Ortega to confirm the delivery location. On March 20, Ortega managed to contact Mr. Lazcano. The defendant told Ortega that the heroin had arrived too late on March 18 in order to consummate the deal on that date, but that he was now ready to proceed.
The following morning, on March 21, the DEA agents prepared to make the undercover purchase and the arrest of Mr. Lazcano. At approximately 2:00 p.m. that afternoon, Agent Tucci, accompanied by Ortega, arrived at the parking lot in which the defendant's car was parked. Mr. Lazcano approached their vehicle, and had a short conversation in Spanish with Ortega. After this brief conversation, Ortega told Agent Tucci that Mr. Lazcano had the package in his car. Agent Tucci then got out, walked across the parking lot, and entered the defendant's car. Mr. Lazcano then informed Agent Tucci that he did not have fifteen ounces of heroin, but rather, he had only ten ounces available at that moment, and that he would sell Agent Tucci another ten ounces later that day. Mr. Lazcano further stated that, should both deals be properly consummated, he would be able to sell Agent Tucci two kilograms of heroin at a more economical price on the following day. Rather than negotiate the defendant's offer, Agent Tucci asked to inspect the ten ounces of heroin that Mr. Lazcano then had for sale. The package contained heroin, but of apparently different quality from the earlier purchase. Mr. Lazcano assured Agent Tucci that the heroin was nonetheless good; seeking a second opinion, Agent Tucci had Ortega inspect the package, and the informer gave his approval. The agent then got out of the defendant's car and returned to his own vehicle, under the pretense of obtaining the purchase money. At that time, however, Agent Tucci gave a prearranged arrest signal to other DEA agents who had been conducting surveillance of the area. The agents moved in, and arrested Mr. Lazcano.
Subsequent analysis of the one-ounce sample sold by the defendant on March 16 revealed that it was 22.39 grams of 20% pure Mexican heroin; analysis of the ten-ounce package delivered on March 21 revealed that it contained 250.25 grams of 15% pure Mexican heroin. Agent Tucci testified that the street value of the total amount of heroin sold by the defendant to him on March 16 and March 21 was approximately $300,000.
The defendant's version of the events in question came from his own testimony. He claimed that, at the first meeting, Ortega and the Columbian man wanted to sell him marijuana and inquired if he knew of anyone who wanted to sell cocaine. He replied that he did not. When asked several days later by Ortega if he had procured "the coke," the defendant told him that he had not tried. Ortega then asked him to get heroin and repeated that request on several occasions. He claims that Ortega finally persuaded him to carry the drugs to the two transactions described in the foregoing section. According to Mr. Lazcano, Ortega was the seller in both transactions.
Mr. Lazcano submits that his conviction should be reversed because he was entrapped by the government as a matter of law. Appellant's Br. at 24. Recently, in United States v. Fusko, 869 F.2d 1048 (7th Cir.1989), we had occasion to summarize the principles governing the affirmative defense of entrapment:
The basic law governing the affirmative defense of entrapment is well established. In Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 108 S.Ct. 883, 99 L.Ed.2d 54 (1988), the Supreme Court noted that it had "consistently adhered to the view ... that a valid entrapment defense has two related elements: government inducement of the crime, and a lack of predisposition on the part of the defendant to engage in the criminal conduct." 108 S.Ct. at 886. As then-Justice Rehnquist noted in United States v. Russell, the defense is a "relatively limited" one. United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 435, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 1644, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973). "It is rooted," Justice Rehnquist continued,
not in any authority of the Judicial Branch to dismiss prosecutions for what it feels to have been "over-zealous law enforcement," but instead in the notion that Congress could not have intended criminal punishment for a defendant who has committed all the elements of a proscribed offense, but was induced to commit them by the government.
Fusko, 869 F.2d at 1051. Here, the focus of Mr. Lazcano's submission is on the second element of the defense--his lack of predisposition to commit the crimes. He submits that the record establishes this element as a matter of law. In evaluating the claim, the governing legal principle is clear: Entrapment as a matter of law "only occurs when the absence of defendant's predisposition appears from the uncontradicted evidence." United States v. Kaminski, 703 F.2d 1004, 1007 (7th Cir.1983); see also United States v. Thoma, 726 F.2d 1191, 1197 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1228, 104 S.Ct. 2683, 81 L.Ed.2d 878 (1984); United...
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