U.S. v. Limatoc

• Decision Date: 05 January 1987
• Docket Number: No. 86-1127,86-1127
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Arnold R. LIMATOC, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 792

807 F.2d 792

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Arnold R. LIMATOC, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 86-1127.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Nov. 3, 1986.

Decided Jan. 5, 1987.

Eric L. Wilson, Robert J. Hackman, Asst. U.S. Attys., U.S. Atty's Office, Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, for plaintiff-appellant.

Michael Weight, Honolulu, Hawaii, for defendant-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii.

Before NELSON, REINHARDT and WIGGINS, Circuit Judges.

WIGGINS, Circuit Judge:

The United States appeals from the district court's order suppressing evidence. The government asserts that the district court erred in finding that Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents (ATF agents) could not conduct an administrative inspection of defendant Arnold Limatoc's firearms inventory and business records following the execution of a valid search warrant.

I

Limatoc is a federally licensed firearms dealer who operates his firearms business from the bedroom of his home. On Tuesdays his hours of business are 4:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. On Tuesday, October 22, 1985, at approximately 2:00 p.m., two ATF agents entered Limatoc's premises to execute a search warrant for a 9mm machine pistol which they had reason to believe had been converted to an automatic-firing, machine gun-style weapon. This type of firearm must be registered, and the agency had no record of Limatoc having registered such a weapon.

An anonymous phone caller alerted Limatoc that someone was trying to break into his house. In response, he loaded an AR-15 rifle and proceeded to the front door. There, he saw ATF agents outside the door. He placed the weapon down inside the door and went outside to speak to the agents, who identified themselves and served him with the warrant. After reading the warrant, he escorted the agents inside the house.

Upon entering, Limatoc reached behind the door, picked up the AR-15 rifle, and unloaded it. Then he led the agents upstairs to his bedroom. Inside the bedroom, Limatoc placed the AR-15 rifle in a corner and directed the agents to the closet where he stored his firearms inventory. After producing a frame for the 9mm pistol, he explained to the agents that he had sold the remaining parts described in the warrant. Because the frame by itself was legal, the agents returned it to him.

The agents discharged their obligations under the warrant by approximately 3:00 p.m. At about that time, but clearly prior to 4:00 p.m., one agent told Limatoc that he was going to examine Limatoc's business inventory and records. During this inspection of Limatoc's firearms inventory, the agent examined the AR-15 rifle and discovered that the gun had been modified to fire fully automatic. The agents seized the weapon and had Limatoc sign a statement.

Limatoc was indicted on two counts, both related to possession of the AR-15 as converted. He moved to suppress the evidence recovered by the agents. The district court suppressed the AR-15 on the grounds that it was the fruit of an illegal search, and, under the circumstances, could not be seized pursuant to an administrative inspection. The government then moved to reconsider, contending that an administrative inspection pursuant to 27 C.F.R. Sec. 178.23 may accompany execution of a valid search warrant. The district court denied the motion.

II

We have jurisdiction over the government's timely appeal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3731. Generally, we review motions to suppress de novo. See United States v. Andrade, 784 F.2d 1431, 1433 (9th Cir.1986). While findings of fact made at a suppression hearing are upheld unless clearly erroneous, the ultimate issue of the lawfulness of a search presents a mixed question of law and fact that is reviewed de novo. See United States v. Feldman, 788 F.2d 544, 550 (9th Cir.1986).

III

The ATF agents had a right to enter Limatoc's home pursuant to an admittedly valid search warrant. But it is clear that the agents discharged their obligations under the warrant by approximately 3:00 p.m., at which time neither the 9mm pistol specified in the warrant nor any other illegal weaponry had been spotted or seized.

The government, however, contends that it conducted a proper administrative inspection of Limatoc's premises under the auspices of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 923(g). This statute, part of the Gun Control Act of 1968, authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to conduct administrative inspections of firearms dealers' premises. The Secretary has delegated this inspection authority to any ATF officer via 27 C.F.R. Sec. 178.23, which provides:

Any ATF officer may enter during business hours the premises, including places of storage, of any licensed dealer ... for the purpose of inspecting or examining any records or documents required to be kept by such ... dealer ..., and any firearms or ammunition kept or stored by such ... dealer ... at such premises.

Although the ATF agents were already lawfully on Limatoc's premises pursuant to a valid search warrant, we cannot say that they carried out an authorized administrative inspection. The statute requires that there be an entry during "business hours." The ATF agents had completely discharged their duties under the search warrant well before Limatoc's business hours began on that particular day. After the search warrant had been executed, but before the commencement of Limatoc's business hours, the ATF agents began what they later characterized as an administrative inspection. The statute and the regulation constitute a carefully defined exception to the fourth amendment, see, e.g., United States v. Petrucci, 486 F.2d 329, 332 (9th Cir.1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 937, 94 S.Ct. 1937, 40 L.Ed.2d 287 (1974); United States v. Cerri,...