U.S. v. Little Hawk

• Decision Date: 06 June 2006
• Docket Number: No. 04-3666.,04-3666.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Dean LITTLE HAWK, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

449 F.3d 837

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Dean LITTLE HAWK, Appellant.

No. 04-3666.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: April 18, 2006.

Filed: June 6, 2006.

Gary G. Colbath, argued, Rapid City, SD (Jana Miner, Pierre, SD, on the brief), for appellant.

Mark E. Salter, argued, Asst. U.S. Atty., Pierre, SD (Jay Miller, Asst. U.S. Atty., on the brief), for appellee.

Before MURPHY, MELLOY and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

Dean Little Hawk pled guilty to one count of assault resulting in serious bodily injury in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1153 and 113(a)(6). The district court¹ sentenced Little Hawk to 60 months' imprisonment. Little Hawk appeals the sentence. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.²

I. BACKGROUND

Little Hawk was charged with assault following the November 25, 2003 bathwater burning of his two-year-old daughter at his mother's residence on the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Indian Reservation in Iron Lightning, South Dakota. Upset that the toddler soiled herself, Little Hawk drew a steaming bath and forcibly held the unclothed girl on her back in the bathtub. He then left the child unattended, trapped in the scalding water, for several minutes. As a result, the girl suffered first-and second-degree burns on her feet, calves, thighs, buttocks, back, shoulder and right ear. The injuries were so severe that she was hospitalized for three weeks and underwent multiple painful medical procedures, including blood transfusions, wound debridement and skin grafting. She will have permanent scarring.

Sentencing in the period between Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), the district court held that the United States Sentencing Guidelines were unconstitutional and would be used merely for guidance in sentencing. The Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR") calculated a total offense level of 20, including a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, and a criminal history level of I, resulting in a recommended guidelines range of 33 to 41 months. The district court, however, denied the three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility and calculated a total offense level of 23, resulting in a guidelines range of 46 to 57 months. After advising counsel in a presentencing memorandum that it was considering a U.S.S.G. § 5K2.8 upward departure due to "unusually heinous, cruel, or brutal conduct, including, in effect, torture of the victim, gratuitous infliction of injury, or prolonging of pain or humiliation," the district court sentenced Little Hawk to 60 months' imprisonment. On appeal, Little Hawk challenges his sentence on several grounds.

II. DISCUSSION

Little Hawk argues that the district court erred by denying him credit for acceptance of responsibility pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. "A district court's factual determination on whether a defendant has demonstrated acceptance of responsibility is entitled to great deference and should be reversed only if it is so clearly erroneous as to be without foundation." United States v. Annis, 446 F.3d 852, 857 (8th Cir.2006) (citation omitted).

To be eligible for a reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, "the defendant must accept responsibility for all of the conduct that is part of his conviction. The defendant may not minimize conduct or partially accept responsibility." United States v. Erhart, 415 F.3d 965, 971 (8th Cir.2005). The district court found that a § 3E1.1 reduction was not warranted because, despite Little Hawk's guilty plea and purported acceptance of responsibility, Little Hawk minimized the crime and his responsibility for it. Portions of the PSR to which Little Hawk did not object show that Little Hawk's acceptance of responsibility was equivocal and hedged with excuses for his behavior. While admitting that he knew the water was hot, Little Hawk also claimed that "he did not mean to hurt the child." He made the incredible assertion that his daughter did not cry during the scalding or during transport to the hospital. At sentencing, Little Hawk attributed the assault to the fact that he "jumped into fatherhood . . . too soon." Given this, the district court did not clearly err by not crediting Little Hawk for acceptance of responsibility.³

Additionally, Little Hawk argues that his sentence, including the three months that exceeded the guidelines range, was unreasonable. We review the reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Sitting Bear, 436 F.3d 929, 935 (8th Cir.2006).

Little Hawk first claims that his sentence was unreasonable because it was a product of the district court's emotion, rather than a result of proper judicial reasoning. In support of his argument, Little Hawk cites to the district court's characterization of the crime as "torture." Although "torture" can be an extreme characterization, it also is a ground for an upward departure from the guidelines range. U.S.S.G. § 5K2.8. In a presentencing memorandum to counsel dated August 31, 2004, the district court advised that it was considering an upward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.8. At sentencing, the district court found that the crime was a heinous act constituting torture. It is clear that the district court's use of the word "torture" was not emotional hyperbole but was a deliberate finding of fact in support of the sentence. In addition, Little Hawk points to a comment in which the district court mentioned the possible punishment for such an offense under Iranian law. However, the district court also specifically rejected talionic retribution, noting that "we don't do things like that here." Accordingly, the district court's comment demonstrated that the court was committed to following the applicable law and is not evidence that the court was improperly influenced by emotion.

Little Hawk also claims that his sentence was unreasonable because the district court failed to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. The district court abuses its discretion by failing to consider a relevant § 3553(a) factor, giving significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or by making a clear error of judgment in the weighing of the proper factors. Sitting Bear, 436 F.3d at 935. However, the district court is not required to provide a mechanical recitation of the § 3553(a) factors when determining a sentence. United States v. Cadenas, 445 F.3d 1091, 1094 (8th Cir.2006). Rather, it simply must be clear from the record that the district court actually considered the § 3553(a) factors in determining the sentence. Id.

The record shows that the district court considered and applied the § 3553(a) factors. The district court discussed at sentencing several § 3553(a) factors, including the nature and circumstances of the offense (characterizing the attack as "inexcusable") and the characteristics of the defendant (including Little Hawk's continued denial of knowledge regarding the temperature of the water and his indifference to the girl's cries during the assault), § 3553(a)(1), as well as the need for the sentence to reflect the seriousness of the offense (the attack left the child scarred physically and emotionally), § 3553(a)(2)(A). The district court also identified in its written Statement of Reasons specific § 3553(a) factors on which it relied. There is no evidence that the district court failed to consider a relevant factor. The record does not indicate that the district court considered any impermissible factors...