U.S. v. Lloyd

• Citation: 566 F.3d 341
• Decision Date: 27 May 2009
• Docket Number: No. 08-2513.,08-2513.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America v. Ashbert S. LLOYD, Jr., Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (3rd Circuit)

566 F.3d 341

UNITED STATES of America v. Ashbert S. LLOYD, Jr., Appellant.

No. 08-2513.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Argued April 21, 2009.

Filed: May 27, 2009.

Jason T. Cohen [Argued], Office of United States Attorney, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas USVI, Attorney for Appellee.

Jesse A. Gessin [Argued], Office of Federal Public Defender, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas USVI, Attorney for Appellant.

Before: BARRY, HARDIMAN and COWEN, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.

At issue in this appeal is hearsay evidence presented during Appellant Ashbert Lloyd's supervised release revocation hearing.

I.

While on supervised release for a crime he committed in the United States Virgin Islands, Lloyd pleaded guilty in Duval County, Florida to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of Florida law. After the Virgin Islands probation office was notified of Lloyd's guilty plea, the District Court summoned Lloyd to St. Thomas for a revocation hearing.

At the hearing, Lloyd refused to stipulate that he had violated his conditions of supervised release. Accordingly, the Government offered the following into evidence: (1) a violation report prepared by a Duval County probation officer; (2) a petition for a warrant to arrest Lloyd for violating the terms of his supervised release; (3) the testimony of the Virgin Islands probation officer who received the violation report; and (4) the judgment and plea agreement from Lloyd's state conviction.

The violation report relied on information provided by an officer of the Duval County Sheriff, who described a physical altercation between Lloyd and his pregnant girlfriend during which Lloyd brandished a gun at a passerby. Neither the probation officer who authored the report nor any representative of the Duval County Sheriff testified at Lloyd's revocation hearing.

Lloyd objected to both the violation report and the warrant petition, arguing that they were inadmissible hearsay. Without analysis or explanation, the District Court overruled Lloyd's objections after the Government's attorney responded that "this is a revocation hearing, and I think hearsay is permitted." App. 33.

Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, the District Court found that Lloyd violated the terms of his supervised release by: (1) committing aggravated domestic battery; (2) possessing a firearm; and (3) failing to notify his probation officer within 72 hours after arrest or questioning by a law enforcement officer. The aggravated domestic battery is a Grade A violation under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (USSG); possession of the firearm is a Grade B violation; and the failure to notify is a Grade C violation.¹

Section 7B1.4 of the Guidelines establishes imprisonment ranges upon revocation of supervised release that take into account the grade of violation and the violator's criminal history. Because one who commits multiple violations is sentenced based on the most severe violation, see USSG § 7B1.1, Lloyd's Guidelines range of 12-18 months was dictated by his Grade A violation for aggravated domestic battery. The District Court imposed an 18-month sentence and Lloyd filed this timely appeal.²

II.

The question presented is whether Lloyd's sentence was based on improper hearsay evidence. Since the Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply in revocation hearings, see FED.R.EVID. 1101(d)(3), hearsay that would be inadmissible at a criminal trial may support a judge's decision to revoke supervised release. This does not mean, however, that hearsay evidence is ipso facto admissible. Due process requires that supervised releasees retain at least a limited right to confront adverse witnesses in a revocation hearing. See Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 488-89, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972).

In Morrissey, the Supreme Court held that a parolee's liberty cannot be revoked without due process and the minimum requirements of a revocation proceeding include "the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation)." 408 U.S. at 489, 92 S.Ct. 2593. This limited right to confrontation stems from the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, not from the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. See Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 782, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 36 L.Ed.2d 656 (1973).

Morrissey's requirements have been incorporated into Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1(b), which governs revocation proceedings. See United States v. Maloney, 513 F.3d 350, 356 (3d Cir.2008). Subsection (2)(c) of Rule 32.1(b) guarantees "an opportunity to appear, present evidence, and question any adverse witness unless the court determines that the interest of justice does not require the witness to appear." FED. R.CRIM. PROC. 32.1(b)(2)(C). The Advisory Committee Notes state that Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) "recognize[s] that the court should apply a balancing test at the hearing itself when considering the releasee's asserted right to cross-examine adverse witnesses. The court is to balance the person's interest in the constitutionally guaranteed right to confrontation against the government's good cause for denying it."

III.

Lloyd's firearm violation is supported by non-hearsay evidence (the Duval County judgment and plea agreement) and is not in dispute. This violation suffices to justify revocation of Lloyd's supervised release, so the only issue on appeal is the proper calculation of his Guidelines range and the length of his new sentence. Lloyd's 12-18 month Guidelines range was based on his most severe relapse, a Grade A violation for aggravated domestic battery. Absent this violation, his Guidelines range would have been 4-10 months (based on his Grade B firearm violation). The issue is therefore whether the out-of-court statements supporting Lloyd's aggravated domestic battery violation were properly admitted.

The admissibility of hearsay evidence under Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) is generally reviewed for abuse of discretion, United States v. Williams, 443 F.3d 35, 46 (2d Cir.2006), but in this case the District Court made no attempt to conduct the analysis required by Rule 32.1(b). At the Government's suggestion, the Court erroneously assumed that hearsay is categorically admissible in revocation proceedings. Accordingly, our review is de novo. See United States v. Martin, 382 F.3d 840, 845-46 (8th Cir.2004) (in light of district court's utter failure to analyze hearsay evidence, conducting independent assessment based on the record).

Most of our sister circuit courts of appeals have interpreted Morrissey and Rule 32.1(b) to require a balancing test similar or identical to the Advisory Committee Notes, which consider both the reliability of proffered hearsay and the cause why a witness is not produced. See United States v. Taveras, 380 F.3d 532, 537 (1st Cir.2004) (unreliable hearsay inadmissible under Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C)); United States v. Williams, 443 F.3d 35, 46 (2d Cir.2006) (no abuse of discretion in admission of hearsay after balancing reliability and cause); Barnes v. Johnson, 184 F.3d 451, 454 (5th Cir.1999) (district court must balance reliability and cause); United States v. Martin, 382 F.3d 840, 846 (8th Cir.2004) (hearsay admissible because reliable and cause shown for declarant's absence); United States v. Comito, 177 F.3d 1166, 1171-72 (9th Cir.1999) (hearsay inadmissible because unreliable and Government failed to prove the cause asserted for declarant's absence); United States v. Frazier, 26 F.3d 110, 114 (11th Cir.1994) (district court erred in failing to establish both reliability and cause).

A few courts of appeals allow sufficiently reliable hearsay evidence without a showing of cause for the declarant's absence. See United States v. Kelley, 446 F.3d 688, 692 (7th Cir.2006) (no need to show cause for absence to admit substantially trustworthy hearsay); Crawford v. Jackson, 323 F.3d 123, 131 (D.C.Cir.2003) (hearsay admissible because reliable, no cause analysis); Kell v. United States Parole Comm'n, 26 F.3d 1016, 1020 (10th Cir. 1994) (suggesting that sufficiently reliable hearsay may be admissible without a showing of cause). The Seventh Circuit "treats a finding of `substantial trustworthiness' as the equivalent of a good cause finding for the admission of hearsay in the revocation context." Kelley, 446 F.3d at 692.

We now hold that a district court "should apply a balancing test [in revocation hearings] when considering the releasee's asserted right to cross-examine adverse witnesses," and that "[t]he court is to balance the person's interest in the constitutionally guaranteed right to confrontation against the government's good cause for denying it." FED. R. CRIM. PROC. 32.1(b)(2)(C) advisory committee's note. The reliability of proffered hearsay is a principal factor, although not the sole factor, relevant to the releasee's interest in confrontation. To outweigh this interest, the Government must, in the typical case, provide good cause for a hearsay declarant's absence. As the language of the Advisory Committee Notes indicates, the releasee's interest in confrontation — which encompasses reliability — is an independent factor that should be analyzed separately from cause.

In some cases, the releasee's interest in confrontation may be overwhelmed by the hearsay's reliability such that the Government need not show cause for a declarant's absence. Accordingly, we reject a per se rule that a district court's failure to explicitly address cause amounts to reversible error in all cases. Nevertheless, a releasee may have a legitimate interest in confrontation and cross-examination even when a declarant's out-of-court statement bears some indicia of reliability, and district courts should normally address both factors when ruling on the admissibility of hearsay evidence in a revocation hearing.

IV.

We turn now to apply the standard we have...