U.S. v. Love

• Decision Date: 22 February 1979
• Docket Number: No. 78-1687,78-1687
• Parties: , 4 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 353 UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Jack LOVE, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 1022

592 F.2d 1022

61 A.L.R.Fed. 906, 4 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 353

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Jack LOVE, Appellant.

No. 78-1687.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Jan. 9, 1979.

Decided Feb. 22, 1979.

Mark Fraase of Wegner, Fraase & Storslee, Fargo, N. D., argued, Steven A. Storslee, Fargo, N. D., on brief, for appellant.

Lynn E. Crooks, Asst. U. S. Atty., Fargo, N. D., argued, James R. Britton, U. S. Atty., Fargo, N. D., on brief, for appellee.

Before LAY, BRIGHT and STEPHENSON, Circuit Judges.

STEPHENSON, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Jack Love appeals from his conviction by a jury of one count of violating the Mann Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2421. ¹ Love's primary contention on appeal is that the district court ² erred in permitting a portion of an unsworn statement given by an unavailable witness to an FBI agent to be read to the jury. We agree and, accordingly, reverse and remand for a new trial.

On June 21, 1978, Love was indicted by a federal grand jury in North Dakota on three counts of violating the Mann Act. Since the indictment was based on a simultaneous transportation, the court required the government to proceed on only one count. The case came to trial on August 7, 1978, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty on August 9. This appeal followed from the district court's denial of Love's motion for a new trial.

The evidence adduced at trial showed that in the early part of 1978 Love was sharing a motel room and other expenses with Ronda Holmes (a/k/a Lola Lundgren) and Kelly Jo Arm (a/k/a Kim Kodluboy) in St. Paul, Minnesota. The evidence further indicated that although the women were primarily employed as dancers, Love was aware that on occasion they engaged in prostitution. Holmes and Arm had a dancing engagement at the Flame Bar in Fargo, North Dakota, which was scheduled to commence on March 13, 1978. On March 8 or 9 Love drove them and another woman to Fargo and he returned to St. Paul. While they were in Fargo, the women engaged in prostitution activities and on the night of March 16, 1978, both Holmes and Arm were arrested for prostitution. Arm is the woman Love was convicted of transporting in violation of the Mann Act.

Arm waived juvenile jurisdiction and was charged as an adult. Apparently pursuant to an agreement between Arm's counsel and the prosecuting attorney, after taking a venereal disease test which came back negative, Arm was allowed to post bond and forfeit it, thereby ending the North Dakota prosecution. She returned to Minnesota in the custody of Minnesota juvenile authorities.

At trial John Shimota, an FBI agent, was called as a witness for the government and was allowed, over defense counsel's objection on hearsay, confrontation clause, and relevancy grounds, to read part of a statement taken from Arm on April 11, 1978, in Minnesota. The part of the statement read to the jury was:

On Wednesday or Thursday afternoon, March 9, 1978, Jack Love in his automobile drove me, Rhonda Holmes, a girl named Red and Chester Morrison (phonetic spelling) from St. Paul, Minnesota to Fargo, North Dakota, arriving at approximately 7:00 P.M. Rhonda, Red and me checked into the Travel Inn Motel in Fargo. Jack had previously told me I had to earn $1500 prostituting myself and that I was to turn over all of the money I made to him. All three girls worked as prostitutes for four days and I made approximately $900. Jack Love had dropped us off in Fargo and then drove back to St. Paul. He was scheduled to pick us up in Fargo on March 20, 1978 after we had completed our dancing engagement at the Flame bar in Fargo, North Dakota. (Emphasis added.)

The above statement was not made under oath, was in Shimota's handwriting and was signed by Arm.

On appeal Love reasserts his claim that the statement was admitted in violation of the hearsay rule and the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. ³ Mindful of our duty to avoid constitutional decisions unless necessary, we examine the hearsay issue first. Finding that admission of the statement violated the hearsay rule, we do not evaluate the merits of the confrontation clause issue. ⁴

The government acknowledged that the statement was hearsay but offered it under the statement against penal interest exception to the hearsay rule found in Fed.R.Evid. 804(b)(3). ⁵ The court accepted the government's argument and allowed the statement to be read to the jury. ⁶ It is undisputed that the government made diligent efforts to produce Arm as a witness at trial, and that she was an unavailable witness as defined in Rule 804(a)(5). ⁷ Nor is there any support in the record for a claim that Love procured her absence. Cf. United States v. Carlson, 547 F.2d 1346, 1358-60 (8th Cir. 1976).

Despite the government's assertions to the contrary, we are not convinced that the statement subjected Arm to criminal liability when it was made, as is required by Rule 804(b)(3) to qualify as an exception to the hearsay rule. "Even a broadened penal interest exception must have some boundaries and must be limited at least to statements admitting a particular crime for which prosecution is possible at the time." United States v. Dovico, 380 F.2d 325, 327 (2d Cir.), Cert. denied, 389 U.S. 944, 88 S.Ct. 308, 19 L.Ed.2d 302 (1967). The prosecuting attorney conceded during trial that when the statement was made the North Dakota charges of prostitution had already been disposed of by allowing Arm to post bond and forfeit it. Her activities did not subject her to federal charges because a woman transported in violation of the Mann Act is considered a victim rather than an accomplice. Gebardi v. United States, 287 U.S. 112, 53 S.Ct. 35, 77 L.Ed. 206 (1932); Patterson v. United States, 361 F.2d 632, 634 (8th Cir. 1966). The government claims that the statement subjected Arm to criminal liability because juvenile proceedings were pending in Minnesota. However, even assuming that juvenile proceedings could be equated with "criminal liability" for purposes of Rule 804(b)(3), these proceedings do not serve to qualify the statement under 804(b)(3). The juvenile proceedings involved charges that Arm was a runaway and the juvenile arrest was filed prior to her arrest in North Dakota. The juvenile charges were unrelated to her prostitution activities in North Dakota.

Furthermore, the circumstances under which the statement was made do not indicate that the statement was so far contrary to her interest when made that a reasonable person in her position would not have made the statement unless she believed it to be true. See United States v. Bailey, 581 F.2d 341, 345 & n.4 (3d Cir. 1978); United States v. Gonzalez, 559 F.2d 1271, 1273 (5th Cir. 1977). See also J. Weinstein & M. Berger, Weinstein's Evidence P 804(b)(3) (03), at 804-93-96 (1977) (hereafter Weinstein's Evidence). Indeed, Arm may well have made the statement to "curry favor with the authorities." The Advisory Committee on the Federal Rules of Evidence noted:

Whether a statement is in fact against interest must be determined from the circumstances of each case. Thus a statement admitting guilt and implicating another person, made while in custody, may well be motivated by a desire to curry favor with the authorities and hence fail to qualify as against interest.

Advisory Committee Note to Rule 804, Reprinted in Weinstein's Evidence, Supra, at 804-25. See also United States v. Bailey, supra, 581 F.2d at 345-46 n.4; United States v. Gonzalez, supra, 559 F.2d at 1273. Cf. United States v. Rogers, 549 F.2d 490, 498 n.8 (8th Cir. 1976) (recognizes that declarant's interest in obtaining a lesser sentence for his cooperation could have affected the reliability of the statement).

Arm was in the custody of Minnesota juvenile authorities at the time she made the statement to Shimota. Shimota conceded on cross-examination that in his interview with Arm he asked her if she had been in jail, told her it was not a desirable place, and that she was subject to prosecution. In addition, in a letter from Arm to Holmes postmarked two days after Shimota had visited her, Arm indicated that she was worried about further investigation by the FBI and wanted to get out of town as soon as possible.

If Arm was under the impression that she was subject to federal prosecution as an aider and abettor under the Mann Act ⁸ she may well have believed that it was in her best interest to make a statement implicating Love as the instigator in order to ingratiate herself with the FBI and divert attention to another. Cf. United States v. White, 553 F.2d 310, 313 & n.6 (2d Cir. 1977). In sum, the statement was not made under oath, ⁹ was oral and later transcribed by Shimota, was made while she was in custody, and it may have appeared to her that her best chance of being released promptly was to make a statement implicating someone else. In any event, Arm had a strong incentive to speak, whether it be truthfully or falsely. Such an incentive does not indicate sufficient reliability to bring the statement within the Rule 804(b) (3) exception to the hearsay rule.

We do not reach the issue of whether under Rule 804(b)(3) the portion of a statement against penal interest must always be separated from the portion implicating a criminal defendant with the latter excluded. See United States v. White, 553 F.2d 310, 314 (2d Cir. 1977). See also Weinstein's Evidence, Supra, P 804(b)(3)(03), at 804-96 ("Because of the dangers involved, exclusion should almost always result when a statement against penal interest is offered Against an accused"). We simply hold in the present case the circumstances under which the statement was made lead us to conclude that the statement lacks the inherent reliability which justifies the declaration against interest exception to the hearsay rule.

Although it was not urged to the district court, the government argues on appeal that the statement was admissible under the ...