U.S. v. Luciano, 83-1519

• Decision Date: 09 May 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-1519,83-1519
• Citation: 734 F.2d 68
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. David B. LUCIANO, Defendant, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 68

734 F.2d 68

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. David B. LUCIANO, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 83-1519.

United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.

Argued April 5, 1984.

Decided May 9, 1984.

Joseph J. Machera, Revere, Mass., for defendant, appellant.

Gary C. Crossen, Asst. U.S. Atty., Boston, Mass., with whom William F. Weld, U.S. Atty., Boston, Mass., was on brief, for appellee.

Before CAMPBELL, Chief Judge, COFFIN, Circuit Judge, and BONSAL, ^* Senior District Judge.

COFFIN, Circuit Judge.

Appellant was convicted by a jury of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2.

The testimony of various witnesses was to the effect that one Smith had been in a noontime conversation with a drug enforcement agent about selling some cocaine; that Smith was shortly to meet his source; that in midafternoon appellant arrived at Smith's home; that they ventured out for a pizza and subsequently separated; that at 6:00 p.m. Smith met appellant at a Sears parking lot in Saugus, entered appellant's black Cadillac, stayed a short while, then returned to his own car and drove to a Burger King parking lot, also in Saugus, to make the prearranged cocaine sale to the drug enforcement agent; that appellant followed Smith and parked nearby; that Smith made delivery of some cocaine to the agent, whereupon both Smith and appellant were arrested.

Although the evidence of appellant's involvement is circumstantial, and was characterized as "thin" by the court, there has been no contention on appeal that it was insufficient to support the verdict. The sole issue before us relates to some expressed uncertainty on the part of two jurors. At the most, appellant can be understood as arguing that the fact that the case against him was thin and circumstantial adds weight to his attack on the trial judge's action in the course of polling the jury. Although there are cases where interacting errors have a synergistic effect, see, e.g., McMillen v. United States, 386 F.2d 29, 36 (1st Cir.1967), this is not one of them. The district court was doubly right in its comments accompanying the denial of a directed verdict for defendant: the government's case was thin but it was sufficient to go to a jury. And its polling of the jury and subsequent actions were a proper exercise of its discretion.

The major issue as to whether or not the jury's verdict was free from coercion concerns the in-court colloquy between the judge and the foreperson of the jury. The scenario is as follows. The foreperson, in response to the court's inquiries, announced that defendant was found not guilty on count 1, charging conspiracy, and guilty on count 2, charging possession with intent to distribute. The foreperson, Ms. Avola, then twice reaffirmed this result in answers to the court's questions. Then a fourth communication took the form of a group affirmative answer to yet another question from the court.

At this juncture defendant's counsel responded affirmatively to a question from the court asking if he wanted the jury polled. The following colloquy ensued:

"THE COURT: I am going to poll you simply by asking each of you if you agree with the verdict as published. This is a procedure which the defendant is entitled to. I will ask each of you individually whether you agree with this verdict.

Ms. Avola, Rhonda D. Avola, do you agree with the verdict of guilty as to Count 2 as charged?

MS. AVOLA: That is with just possession?

THE COURT: No, no, possession with intent to distribute as charged.

Please tell me. It doesn't matter now.

MS. AVOLA: I decided, I don't know--

THE COURT: All right, then, the jury has not reached a unanimous verdict.

MS. AVOLA: Yes, it's my own personal thing, but, yes, I do, from the things I heard from the other jurors, I do agree with them, yes. I am sorry, I do.

THE COURT: Guilty as charged?

MS. AVOLA: Yes."

The court proceeded to poll the remaining eleven jurors, all of whom simply indicated their agreement with the verdict of guilty. The court pronounced the verdict as recorded. The jury was then discharged. No objection or motion or comment of any kind was forthcoming from defense counsel. ¹

Appellant's contention is that the district court either abused its discretion or erred as a matter of law in failing to send the jury back for further deliberations or to discharge it. ² The cases cited by appellant in which a trial court has been reversed for its actions in polling jurors have all involved jurors who expressed a lingering doubt and judges who, notwithstanding such a representation, persisted in treating the answer as unqualified and hastened to announce a unanimous vote. Sincox v. United States, 571 F.2d 876 (5th Cir.1978); United States v. Edwards, 469 F.2d 1362 (5th Cir.1972); United States v. McCoy, 429 F.2d 739 (D.C.Cir.1970); Matthews v. United States, 252 A.2d 505 (D.C.App.1969). In such cases the judge errs in dominating the juror and counsel fully as much as if he raced to record a verdict, effectually foreclosing any opportunity to poll the jurors. Miranda v. United States, 255 F.2d 9 (1st Cir.1958).

In the case at bar the court indicated that it intended to follow precisely the teaching of United States v. Musto, 540 F.Supp. 318, 339 (D.N.J.1982), that "It is ... wisest to discontinue the poll immediately upon learning that the jury's verdict is not unanimous." It did not engage in any questioning or other conduct that could remotely be deemed coercive. When the foreperson, wavering after several affirmative responses, heard the judge declare that there had not been a unanimous verdict, she immediately set the record straight, not once but no fewer than five times in the course of two sentences. It cannot seriously be urged that this factual situation compelled a mistrial. Nor could it be urged with any more cogency that the judge had to send the jury back for further deliberation; such might well have been far more coercive than the atmosphere that led to the juror's immediate, unprompted, complete and repeated volte face.

Our duty in reviewing such a case as this is aptly described in the following language from Amos v. United States, 496 F.2d 1269, 1273 (8th Cir.1974):

"... [I]n...