U.S. v. Mikka

• Decision Date: 13 November 1978
• Docket Number: No. 78-1492,78-1492
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Burt Steven MIKKA, Defendant-appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 152

586 F.2d 152

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Burt Steven MIKKA, Defendant-appellant.

No. 78-1492.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Nov. 13, 1978.

Eugene R. Bracamonte, Asst. U. S. Atty., Tucson, Ariz., for defendant-appellant.

Tom O'Toole, Federal Public Defender, Tucson, Ariz., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.

Before MERRILL and CHOY, Circuit Judges, and TANNER, ^* District Judge.

CHOY, Circuit Judge:

This is an appeal from a conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. App. § 1202(a)(1). ¹ We affirm.

In July, 1977, appellant was acquitted in state court on charges of armed robbery. In January, 1978, appellant was indicted by a federal grand jury on three counts of possession of a firearm by a felon. The Government stipulated that the firearms involved in the state armed robbery trial were the same firearms referred to in the federal indictment. Following a jury verdict of guilty on all three counts, appellant successfully moved to dismiss two of the three counts. He now appeals his conviction on the remaining count.

I. Petite Policy

Appellant argues that his indictment on federal charges contravened the Department of Justice policy, known as the Petite policy, which provides No Federal case should be tried when there has been a state prosecution for substantially the same act or acts without a recommendation having been made to the Assistant Attorney General demonstrating compelling Federal interests for such prosecution.

United States Attorney's Manual § 9-2.142.

We disagree. The Supreme Court has recently noted:

In response to the Court's continuing sensitivity to the fairness implications of the multiple prosecution power, the Justice Department adopted the Petite policy . . . to limit the exercise of the power to bring successive prosecutions for the Same offense . . ..

Rinaldi v. United States, 434 U.S. 22, 28-29, 98 S.Ct. 81, 54 L.Ed.2d 207 (1977) (footnote omitted; emphasis added). The Court found the identity of charges necessary to invoke the Petite policy given that the defendant had been charged in state court with, Inter alia, conspiracy to commit robbery and in federal court with conspiracy to commit robbery and the substantive crime of robbery. Id. at 23 nn. 2 & 3, 98 S.Ct. 81.

In the present case, Mikka was not prosecuted in state and federal court for the same offense. The state charged armed robbery while the federal indictment charged possession of a firearm by a felon. These charges lack the identity found sufficient in Rinaldi and other Supreme Court decisions ² to fall within the Petite policy. ³

II. Collateral Estoppel and Double Jeopardy

Appellant next argues that the doctrine of collateral estoppel, held by the Supreme Court to be part of the fifth amendment protection against double jeopardy, applies here and bars relitigation of matters decided by state court. We need not determine if collateral estoppel would extend to the issues litigated in federal court, however, because the double jeopardy provisions of the fifth amendment are not implicated by state and federal prosecutions even for identical offenses involving identical issues. Abbate v. United States, 359 U.S. 187, 189-96, 79 S.Ct. 666, 3 L.Ed.2d 729 (1959); United States v. Cordova, 537 F.2d 1073, 1075 (9th Cir.), Cert. denied, 429 U.S. 960, 97 S.Ct. 385, 50 L.Ed.2d 327 (1976); United States v. Crosson, 462 F.2d 96, 103 (9th Cir.), Cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1064, 93 S.Ct. 569, 34 L.Ed.2d 517 (1972).

III. Prosecutor's Argument to Jury

Appellant contends that the prosecutor committed prejudicial error during argument to the jury by impermissibly expressing his personal opinion on the veracity of a witness ⁴ and by making inflammatory remarks. ⁵

This court has held that "(i)mproprieties in counsels' arguments to the jury do not require a new trial unless they are so gross as probably to prejudice the defendant, and the prejudice has not been neutralized by the trial judge." United States v. Parker, 549 F.2d 1217, 1222 (9th Cir.), Cert. denied, 430 U.S. 971, 97 S.Ct. 1659, 52 L.Ed.2d 365 (1977); See United States v. Rich, 580 F.2d 929, 936 (9th Cir. 1978). We cannot say that the prosecutor's remarks were so gross as probably to prejudice the defendant.

In Orebo v. United States, 293 F.2d 747 (9th Cir. 1961), Cert. denied, 368 U.S. 958, 82 S.Ct. 402, 7 L.Ed.2d 389 (1962), this court rejected a claim that the prosecutor had impermissibly expressed his personal belief as to credibility and guilt. Our observation there is equally applicable to the instant case:

From the form of the statements . . . and the context in which they appear, we think that reasonably construed they plainly refer only to evidence then properly before the jury. (Citation omitted.) While the District Attorney has special obligations of fairness in seeing that justice is done . . . he is also an advocate having an equally weighty duty of urging upon the jury all legitimate inferences from the evidence . . . in the case. (Citations omitted.)

Id. at 749 (footnote omitted). See Rich, 580 F.2d at 936; Parker, 549 F.2d at 1222-23. We conclude that the allegedly improper assertions of personal belief were not so gross as to require reversal.

We reach the same conclusion as to the prosecutor's allegedly inflammatory remarks intimating that appellant's control of firearms permitted him to engage in further illegal conduct. The trial judge promptly interrupted this line of argument and admonished the prosecutor. Though the prosecutor exceeded the bounds of propriety, ⁶ in view of the context and the trial judge's warning, the remarks were not so gross as probably to prejudice the defendant. ⁷ See United States v. Fulton, 549 F.2d 1325, 1327-28 (9th Cir. 1977); United States v. Greenbank, 491 F.2d 184, 188 (9th Cir.), Cert. denied, 417 U.S. 931, 94 S.Ct. 2642, 41 L.Ed.2d 234 (1974).

AFFIRMED.

* The Honorable Jack E. Tanner, United States District Judge for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.

1 Section 1202(a)(1) provides:

Any person who has been convicted by a court of the United States or of a State or any political subdivision thereof of a felony . . . and who receives, possesses, or transports in commerce or affecting commerce . . . any firearm shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both.

2 See, e. g., Watts v. United States, 422 U.S. 1032, 1032, 95 S.Ct. 2648, 45 L.Ed.2d 688 (1975), Vacating United States v. Watts, 505 F.2d 951 (5th Cir. 1974) (state charges including carrying concealed weapon; federal charge of possession of unregistered firearm); Hayles v. United States, 419 U.S. 892, 892, 95 S.Ct. 168, 42 L.Ed.2d 136 (1974), Vacating United States v. Hayles, 492 F.2d 125 (5th Cir. 1974) (state charge of robbery; federal charge of bank robbery). In both those cases as in Rinaldi, the Government acknowledged its failure to follow the Petite policy and requested that the Supreme Court vacate the judgments below.

3 Because the Petite policy would not apply in any event to the instant case, we need not consider if the Department of Justice's failure to adhere to that policy would warrant judicial intervention in a proper case.

4 The pertinent portion of the transcript reads:

MR. BRACAMONTE: . . . I am wondering, I think what you can infer from that is that Mr. Mikka told him, Mr. Bowling, to tell the jury that the guns were not in his possession but in Mr. Bowling's possession. I think you are entitled to infer that, and I submit to you that Mr. Bowling's testimony today is a lie. I think he was impeached by his prior testimony that he gave on July 8th of this year where he testified, and I read to him several statements that he made at a prior court hearing, and in those prior statements he admitted that it was Mr. Mikka's idea to sell the guns; that he introduced Mr. Brenner to Mr. Mikka as being the person who had the guns.

As I recall the testimony, and I think it is correct, that even Mr. Bowling, on his direct examination, admitted that Mr. Mikka had handled at least one of the firearms. I think that was Exhibit Number 6, which is one of the shotguns. So, he, in fact, admitted on the stand that the Defendant had handled and possessed one of the firearms in question. But even in his prior testimony, which corroborates and is more consistent with Mr. Mikka's own testimony, he made some statements in his prior court hearing...