U.S. v. Miller, 94-8143

• Decision Date: 02 January 1996
• Docket Number: No. 94-8143,94-8143
• Citation: 71 F.3d 813
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, v. Kelsey Pierre MILLER, Defendant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 813

71 F.3d 813

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, v. Kelsey Pierre MILLER, Defendant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee.

No. 94-8143.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

Jan. 2, 1996.

Howard J. Manchel, Atlanta, GA, for appellant.

Kent B. Alexander, John S. Davis, Asst. U.S. Attys., Atlanta, GA, for appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

Before TJOFLAT, Chief Judge, and DYER and GARTH ^*, Senior Circuit Judges.

DYER, Senior Circuit Judge:

Appellant Kelsey Miller challenges his conviction for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine base (crack) in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 846. On appeal, Miller argues his post-trial motion for judgment of acquittal should have been granted because the government failed to prove predisposition after he raised the defense of entrapment. The government cross-appeals the sentence, contending the district court erred in departing downward on the theory that Miller was trapped into supplying crack instead of powder cocaine. We affirm the conviction, but reverse the sentence.

I. BACKGROUND

At trial the government sought to prove that Miller put Elbert Frazier, a convicted felon who was acting as a confidential informant, in contact with two individuals who could supply Frazier with crack. Miller's defense was that Frazier trapped him into committing the crime. ¹

In late December 1992 Frazier had many phone conversations with Miller, some recorded and some not. The government called Frazier to testify at trial. He said that sometime between December 21 and 23, 1992, he called Sonny Ross's pager number to arrange a drug deal. Miller answered the page, asked what Frazier needed, and explained that "he was handling everything while Sonny was out of town." Frazier said he ended that conversation because he really wanted to speak with Ross. However, because Miller had asked what Frazier needed and because Frazier had met Miller once before while attempting to arrange a buy directly with Ross, Frazier decided he would try to deal with Miller. Frazier called Miller on December 23 and asked him for a half-kilo of cocaine. Miller said he did not have it then, but that he could make a phone call and call Frazier right back. Miller called Frazier back that day and said he could sell him a half-kilo. Frazier asked for a price, and Miller responded with $14,000 or $14,500. Frazier asked if that was the best price available and Miller said it was, adding that "he wasn't making much off the deal himself." Miller told Frazier they could do the deal "any time." Frazier suggested that they wait until after the holidays and Miller agreed.

Frazier called Miller on December 28 to confirm the deal and ask for a better price. Miller refused to reduce the price and iterated that he was not making much on the deal.

Frazier made a series of telephone calls to Miller on December 29. In the first of those calls, shortly before noon, Miller explained he had paged "Buddy" the night before, but had received no return call. Frazier said he wanted to do the deal that afternoon and Miller asked for thirty minutes. Frazier called again at 12:20 p.m. Miller said he had bad news, that "they" were "talkin' 'bout 14.5" (meaning $14,500, a high price for a half-kilo), and that they only had "soft" (meaning powder cocaine). Miller said he could call another contact, but it would take longer. Frazier asked Miller if he could "cook" (meaning convert powder to crack), and Miller said he did not know how. In response to Frazier's questions, Miller assured Frazier that he had "checked," and that it was "straight."

In the course of several phone conversations the logistics of delivering the cocaine at a local mall on the afternoon of December 29 were negotiated. During one conversation Miller said, "You can have your hand on the pistol or what not you know," and, "You see something go wrong you know you gotta do what you gotta do." The delivery fell through, however, because the supplier that Miller had arranged for Frazier to meet was not comfortable with the location when he arrived, so the supplier and Miller left the mall without further explanation to Frazier. Frazier was upset that the deal fell through, and later that day Miller put Frazier in direct contact with the supplier, who assured Frazier they would still be able to work the deal. Nevertheless, the supplier sold the half-kilo to another party.

Frazier testified he was angry that the buy did not go as planned, but still wanted to deal with Miller. Later on December 29, Miller called Frazier to advise him that he had been calling around, but supplies were low. At Frazier's request, Miller called the original supplier back and arranged another deal, but this time for a half-kilo of crack. The delivery was successful and Miller and his alleged co-conspirators, none of whom are parties to this appeal, were arrested.

After the jury returned a guilty verdict, the defense moved for a judgment of acquittal on the ground that there was insufficient evidence to show that Miller was predisposed to engage in the charged crime. The district court denied the motion. At sentencing the court was persuaded to reduce the sentence based upon a partial entrapment theory, which reduced the offense level to 24, reduced the sentencing range to 61 to 63 months, and eliminated the minimum mandatory sentence for trafficking crack. The probation officer had recommended an offense level of 36 based on 487 grams of crack, enhanced for obstruction of justice, which would have resulted in a range of 188 to 235 months imprisonment and a minimum mandatory sentence of 120 months. Miller argued that the court should treat the 487 grams as powder rather than as crack because Miller was not predisposed to providing crack until sufficiently pressured by Frazier, the confidential informant. Miller was sentenced to 63 months imprisonment and this appeal followed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Entrapment is generally a jury question. Therefore, entrapment as a matter of law is a sufficiency of the evidence inquiry. When an entrapment defense is rejected by the jury, our review is limited to deciding whether the evidence was sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude that the defendant was predisposed to take part in the illicit transaction. Further, a jury's verdict cannot be overturned if any reasonable construction of the evidence would allow the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Review is de novo, but we must view all facts and make all inferences in favor of the government.

Brown, 43 F.3d at 622 (citations omitted).

We review the district court's exercise of authority in departing downward from the applicable guideline range as a question of law subject to plenary review. United States v. Costales, 5 F.3d 480, 483 (11th Cir.1993).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Entrapment

Miller asserts that the government failed to prove he was predisposed to enter into a conspiracy to possess and distribute crack, and thus the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal. "A successful entrapment defense requires two elements: (1) government inducement of the crime, and (2) lack of predisposition on the part of the defendant." Brown, 43 F.3d at 623 (citations omitted). Once the defendant adduces evidence showing inducement, "the burden shifts to the government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was predisposed to commit the crime." Id. (citation omitted). The Brown court held "that the predisposition inquiry is a purely subjective one which asks the jury to consider the defendant's readiness and willingness to engage in the charged crime absent any contact with the government's officers or agents." Id. at 624. The panel refused to enumerate a list of factors to address when a defendant's predisposition is at issue because the inquiry into a defendant's subjective state of mind prior to government inducement is necessarily a fact-intensive inquiry. Id. at 625. The court, however, elucidated several guiding principles gleaned from the cases, some of which are relevant here:

Predisposition may be demonstrated simply by a defendant's ready commission of the charged crime. Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540, 112 S.Ct. 1535 (1992); [United States v.] Andrews, 765 F.2d [1491] at 1499 [(11th Cir.1985)]. A predisposition finding is also supported by evidence that the defendant was given opportunities to back out of illegal transactions but failed to do so. [United States v.] Ventura, 936 F.2d [1228] at 1231, 1232 [(11th Cir.1991)]. Finally, the fact-intensive nature of the entrapment defense often makes jury consideration of demeanor and credibility evidence a pivotal factor. See Ventura, 936 F.2d at 1230.

Id.

We must now examine the evidence of predisposition presented to the jury in this case. Miller testified at trial that Frazier induced him to participate in the deal. He denied asking Frazier what he needed in their initial telephone conversation. Miller claimed that after at least ten calls over a two-to-three day period, and a promise from Frazier of $2,000 to arrange the transaction, he agreed to ask Sonny Ross to find a cocaine supplier. Miller alleged that Ross called the supplier, who in turn contacted Miller. In addition to Miller's testimony, the jury had the benefit of Frazier's testimony, the most relevant portions of which are summarized above. The jury was free to afford the greater weight and credibility to Frazier's testimony, including his statement that Miller initially asked him what he needed and that Miller told him he was "handling everything" for Ross. The jury could reasonably find that ten phone calls and a two-day hesitation did not demonstrate Miller's lack of predisposition, particularly when, after Miller decided to be involved, he arranged for a supplier in his first conversation with Sonny Ross...