U.S. v. Miller, 88-2993
| Citation | 874 F.2d 466 |
| Decision Date | 09 May 1989 |
| Docket Number | No. 88-2993,88-2993 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jeffery T. MILLER, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit |
Gregory Collins, Stratton Dobbs Nardulli & Lestikow, Springfield, Ill., for defendant-appellant.
Bryron G. Codmore, Asst. U.S. Atty., Springfield, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before WOOD, Jr., MANION, Circuit Judges, and FAIRCHILD, Senior Circuit Judge.
The only issue is the sentence imposed on defendant Jeffery T. Miller under the United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines ("Guidelines"), pursuant to the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, as amended, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3551 et seq. (Supp. IV 1986), and 28 U.S.C. Secs. 991-98 (Supp. IV 1986). 1
On January 7, 1988 Miller was indicted in the Central District of Illinois and charged with the December 2, 1987 robbery of a federally insured savings and loan association in Springfield, Illinois in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2113(a) (1982). 2 Several weeks earlier on November 20, 1987, Miller had also robbed a federally insured savings and loan association in Pineallas Park in the Middle District of Florida in violation of the same statute. 3 Thereafter he waived indictment, consented to proceeding by information, and agreed to the transfer of the Florida case to the Central District of Illinois for plea and sentencing. The defendant pleaded guilty to the one remaining Illinois count and to the Florida information. On October 4, 1988 Judge Mills sentenced Miller, so far as this appeal is concerned, to concurrent terms of 45 months, 4 an enhanced sentence under the new sentencing act. The defendant challenges that enhancement as being in excess of what the sentencing act contemplates in these particular factual circumstances, and further contends that the sentence was not properly determined in accordance with the procedures mandated by the sentencing act. The sentencing hearing, therefore, needs to be examined.
In light of his presentence report, Miller's base offense level was determined to be 19, after adjustment upward for the separate bank robberies and downward for Miller's acceptance of responsibility for the crimes. The guideline imprisonment range was determined to be 30-37 months, after computation established that Miller's criminal history placed him in Criminal History Category I under the Guidelines. Up to this point the court, the government and Miller were all in agreement. However, Judge Mills decided, not without good reason, that the resulting sentence range did not produce an adequate sentence in view of certain prior criminal conduct of Miller. He therefore sentenced Miller to 45 months in the Florida and the Illinois cases. Under the Guidelines, that sentence jumped from Criminal History Category I over Category II to the upper limit of Category III. See Guidelines, at 5.2 (Sentencing Table). This appeal followed.
Miller first argues that Criminal History Category I adequately reflected the seriousness of his past conduct because there was no "reliable information," as required by Guidelines Sec. 4A1.3 (Adequacy of Criminal History Category (Policy Statement)), to justify the increase to Category III. Judge Mills properly relied on section 4A1.3, the applicable parts of which are set out.
If reliable information indicates that the criminal history category does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the defendant's past criminal conduct or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes, the court may consider imposing a sentence departing from the otherwise applicable guide range. Such information may include, but is not limited to, information concerning:
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(d) whether the defendant was pending trial, sentencing, or appeal on another charge at the time of the instant offense;
(e) prior similar adult criminal conduct not resulting in a criminal conviction.
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Examples might include the case of a defendant who ... (4) committed the instant offense while on bail or pretrial release for another serious offense.... The court may, after a review of all the relevant information, conclude that the defendant's criminal history was significantly more serious than that of most defendants in the same criminal history category, and therefore consider an upward departure from the guidelines. However, a prior arrest record itself shall not be considered under Sec. 4A1.3.
The presentence report revealed several adult charges (juvenile offenses were not considered) which were pending against Miller in the Illinois courts at the time the federal offenses were committed. The first was a misdemeanor charge in December 1985, charging Miller with a gasoline theft of less than $300, the details of which are not given in the report. On two separate occasions, after Miller failed to appear in court on this misdemeanor charge bench warrants were issued. The second charge was a state felony indictment returned in April 1986, charging Miller with the burglary of a hardware store. Several weeks after Miller entered guilty pleas to the federal charges these state charges were dismissed.
Miller argues that this prior offense information does not meet the Guidelines' "reliable information" requirement. Miller points out that as an adult he had no prior actual convictions. The local charges did not result in convictions, but were dismissed. Therefore, he argues, the dismissed charges do not evidence "criminal conduct" as no actual culpability appears in this record. Further, he argues, as set out in the last sentence of section 4A1.3, "a prior arrest record itself shall not be considered under Sec. 4A1.3."
Defense counsel made these arguments to the district judge. The district judge, again understandably, did not believe that he should have to try the dismissed state charges in order to determine the defendant's culpability. 5 We have examined the presentence report. The report contains information from the state court records that detailed the local burglary arrest circumstances. Miller, with no right to be in the hardware store after it had closed, was arrested inside. That account is adequate and factually not contested by Miller. The misdemeanor gasoline theft charge, however, is less enlightening. What the factual circumstances were of that charge are not set out. The bench warrants for failure to appear were related to the misdemeanor charge. Defense counsel argues that Miller may not have received the court appearance notices, or had some other innocent explanation in defense of the bench warrants. There is no explanation in the presentence report. Government counsel denied, based on his personal knowledge as a former local assistant prosecutor, that there could be an innocent explanation for the bench warrants. Judge Mills commented on the bench warrants and specifically adversely considered them in imposing sentence.
The presentence report information on the misdemeanor charge, and the related bench warrants, is not as complete as it no doubt could be made upon a further check of the local court files, or by inquiry with the local state's attorney's office. To permit a departure, however, all that the Guidelines require is that the federal offense was committed while the defendant was awaiting trial on another offense. There does not have to be a conviction to permit departure. That Miller was awaiting trial on the local charges is not disputed. We anticipate that it will become the usual practice to include in presentence reports sufficient detail about prior criminal conduct, including that not resulting in conviction, in order to assist the court in determining "the variations in the seriousness of criminal history that may occur." Guidelines Sec. 4A1.3 commentary at 4.10. What was supplied in the presentence report, however, is more than a mere prior arrest record and cannot be faulted merely on that basis under section 4A1.3, as urged by Miller.
Another aspect related to the "reliable information" requirement is the lack of record explanation for the state's dismissal of all local charges against Miller. State charges are often dismissed in ordinary course if the federal government presses an adequate case against the same defendant. Very likely, that is the reason for the dismissals in this case. That explanation, however, is not in the record, except again as offered in argument by the government prosecutor. Some explanation is needed. Although it is most unlikely, the local authorities could have decided they had the wrong defendant, or for some other exculpatory reason dismissed the charges. Nevertheless, "a departure from the Guidelines in the limited circumstances where reliable information indicates that the criminal history category does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the defendant's criminal history ..." is authorized. Guidelines Sec. 4A1.3 commentary at 4.10. It would be preferred that the presentence report set forth some explanation of the dismissals to assist the court in fairly considering the extent of any departure from the Guidelines. Presentence reports have been drastically revised under the Guidelines and are very helpful, but experience may suggest some additional modifications.
Our concern with this case arises out of the way the enhanced sentence was otherwise arrived at by Judge Mills. In deciding to add the additional months to the defendant's sentence, Judge Mills offered this explanation:
Now here's my rationale. Say 36 rather than 37 is the top of the range. For his criminal tendencies they're clearly demonstrated and particularly so by failure to appear in Court and requiring bench warrants to be issued for his apprehension. The fact that these robberies are taking place while there are pending criminal actions...
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