U.S. v. Miranda-Enriquez, MIRANDA-ENRIQUE

• Citation: 842 F.2d 1211
• Decision Date: 28 March 1988
• Docket Number: MIRANDA-ENRIQUE,No. 87-1286,D,87-1286
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Victor Salomonefendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (10th Circuit)

Page 1211

842 F.2d 1211

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Victor Salomon MIRANDA-ENRIQUEZ, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 87-1286.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

March 28, 1988.

Stephen P. McCue, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Albuquerque, N.M., for defendant-appellant.

David N. Williams, Asst. U.S. Atty. (William L. Lutz, U.S. Atty., and Don J. Svet, First Asst. U.S. Atty., with him on the brief), for plaintiff-appellee.

Before LOGAN, ANDERSON, and TACHA, Circuit Judges.

TACHA, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Victor Salomon Miranda-Enriquez appeals from a jury conviction for illegal entry into the United States after deportation in violation of 8 U.S.C. Sec. 1326. Under that statute it is a felony for any alien who has been arrested and deported to thereafter enter or subsequently be found in the United States, unless he has obtained permission for reentry from the Attorney General or he demonstrates that such permission was not required. 8 U.S.C. Sec. 1326.

Miranda, a Mexican citizen, was deported from the United States in September 1985. In October 1986, when he returned to the United States to visit his family, border patrol agents checked his identification and permitted him to cross the border. Miranda was subsequently arrested while driving his pickup truck in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

The defendant contends that conviction under the statute requires proof of "general criminal intent to violate the law" and that he should have been allowed to base his defense upon his mistaken belief that he was lawfully present in the United States. Essentially, the defendant argues that an intent to break the law is an element of section 1326. We have often referred to this type of intent as "specific intent."

In United States v. Hernandez, we held that "the government need not prove that the defendant knew he was not entitled to reenter the United States without the permission of the Attorney General." 693 F.2d 996, 1000 (10th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1222, 103 S.Ct. 1231, 75 L.Ed.2d 464 (1983). In that case we rejected a contention that proof of specific intent is required to convict under section 1326. We noted additionally that "[i]n any event four deportations and reentrys support a reasonable inference that [defendant's] acts were willful and knowing." Id.

Miranda apparently reads this statement to implicitly require some showing of what he calls "general criminal intent" under section 1326 and argues that because his case lacks evidence of "four deportations and reentrys," no inference of "general criminal intent" is appropriate. Defendant's argument is based on a contention that there is some difference between the "specific intent" requirement this court found inapplicable under section 1326 in Hernandez and "general criminal intent." We made no such distinction in Hernandez and we reject it here.

We merely said in Hernandez that even if something more than an intent to act (general intent) were required, that standard would have been met. However, nothing more than a showing of general intent is required. We reiterate the holding of Hernandez that the government need not show that defendant willfully and knowingly engaged in criminal behavior, but only that the defendant's acts were willful and knowing--that the defendant willfully and knowingly reentered the United States and that he did so without the Attorney General's permission.

Our approach is similar to that taken by the Ninth Circuit in Pena-Cabanillas v. United States, 394 F.2d 785, 790 (9th Cir.1968). In that case the court recognized that even though section 1326 requires no showing of specific intent, "[t]here still must be the general intent to do the prohibited act, to-wit enter." Id. at 790. "Obviously if appellant was drugged and carried across the line, he would not be guilty of the offense." Id.; see also United States v. Anton, 683 F.2d 1011, 1022 (7th Cir.1982) (Posner, J., dissenting).

To secure a section 1326 conviction the government must be prepared to show that the defendant's acts were intentional. No intent to break the law--whether characterized as "specific intent" or "general criminal intent"--must be proved. Miranda does not dispute that he voluntarily reentered the United States, nor does he dispute that he did so without the Attorney General's permission. He also concedes that he is an alien who had been arrested and deported. Therefore the government has established each of the elements required for a section 1326 conviction.

The defendant also argues that the trial court erred in (1) refusing to instruct the jury that Miranda's reasonable, albeit mistaken, belief that he was lawfully present in the United States was a defense to a section 1326 charge, and (2) limiting Miranda's attempt to present that defense through testimony about his intent and state of mind. These contentions hinge on the success of Miranda's assertion that section 1326 contains a criminal intent element. Because "a mistake defense is possible only if there is some 'mental state required...