U.S. v. Mitchell, 94-1188
Decision Date | 13 April 1994 |
Docket Number | No. 94-1188,94-1188 |
Parties | UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. James L. MITCHELL, Defendant, Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit |
Walter B. Prince and Peckham, Lobel, Casey, Prince & Tye, Boston, MA, on brief, for appellant.
Donald K. Stern, U.S. Atty., Sheila W. Sawyer and Kevin J. Cloherty, Asst. U.S. Attys., Boston, MA, on brief, for appellee.
Before BREYER, Chief Judge, SELYA and BOUDIN, Circuit Judges.
Following his conviction on two arson-related offenses, defendant James Mitchell was ordered detained pending sentencing pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3143(a)(2). He now appeals from this order, alleging that the district court improperly characterized his offenses as "crimes of violence" within the meaning of the Bail Reform Act. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
The facts giving rise to these convictions, which defendant does not dispute for purposes of the instant appeal, can be summarized as follows. Defendant was the co-owner and operator of a private club in Boston named "Club 297." In January 1989, city officials ordered that the club be closed because of various health and building code violations. Believing that there was no realistic prospect of obtaining approval to reopen, defendant devised a scheme to burn the building in order to collect insurance proceeds. In return for a promised $11,000 payment, defendant persuaded codefendant Ronald Wallace (a club employee) to set the fire. On the evening of February 6, 1989, in accordance with defendant's instructions, Wallace ignited a pile of mattresses soaked with kerosene. The ensuing blaze caused over $500,000 in damages. At least three other persons were in the building at the time, one of whom had to be evacuated by the police.
After a 14-day jury trial, defendant was convicted of conspiracy to commit arson (in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 371) and aiding and abetting arson (in violation of 18 U.S.C. Secs. 844(i) and 2). Deeming these offenses to be "crimes of violence" as defined in 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3156(a)(4), 1 the district court found that defendant was subject to mandatory detention pending sentencing pursuant to Sec. 3143(a)(2). 2 The court thereafter postponed defendant's reporting date for two weeks due to family considerations, relying on the "exceptional reasons" provision in Sec. 3145(c).
On appeal, defendant's sole challenge is to the determination that his offenses constituted crimes of violence. He does not dispute (as he apparently did below) that the substantive crime of arson set forth in 18 U.S.C. Sec. 844(i) is embraced by this term. 3 Rather, defendant contends that conspiring to commit arson and aiding and abetting the commission thereof--the crimes of which he was convicted--are sufficiently distinct from the underlying substantive offense, and are sufficiently less culpable in nature, so as to fall outside the definition of crime of violence. Defendant has cited no authority in support of these assertions, and we find them unpersuasive.
We turn to the aiding and abetting charge first, as defendant's argument in this regard merits scant attention. Defendant suggests that, because he did not actually set the fire, he was merely a "culpable intermediary" whose role in the offense was less flagrant than that of Wallace. This contention, of course, flies in the face of the evidence that defendant initiated and orchestrated the entire scheme. In any event, the precise nature of defendant's involvement is of little relevance, 4 for aiding and abetting "is not a separate offense" from the underlying substantive crime. United States v. Sanchez, 917 F.2d 607, 611 (1st Cir.1990), cert. denied 499 U.S. 977, 111 S.Ct. 1625, 113 L.Ed.2d 722 (1991). One who aids and abets an offense "is punishable as a principal," 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2, and "the acts of the principal become those of the aider and abetter as a matter of law." United States v. Simpson, 979 F.2d 1282, 1285 (8th Cir.1992) (emphasis in original), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 1345, 122 L.Ed.2d 727 (1993). Accordingly, as other courts have held in analogous circumstances, aiding and abetting the commission of a crime of violence is a crime of violence itself. See, e.g., United States v. Groce, 999 F.2d 1189, 1191-92 (7th Cir.1993) ( ); Simpson, 979 F.2d at 1285-86 ( ); United States v. Hathaway, 949 F.2d 609, 610 (2d Cir.1991) (per curiam) (, )cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1237, 117 L.Ed.2d 470 (1992).
We likewise agree with the district court that a conspiracy to commit a crime of violence is itself a crime of violence. As the Second Circuit explained in United States v. Chimurenga, 760 F.2d 400 (2d Cir.1985): Id. at 404 (emphasis in original). The court therefore found that conspiracy to commit armed robbery, even though an inchoate crime, was nonetheless an act "involving 'a substantial risk' of violence" and so constituted a crime of violence under the Bail Reform Act. 5 Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3156(a)(4)(B)); accord, e.g., United States v. DiSomma, 951 F.2d 494, 496 (2d Cir.1991) (same); United States v. Dodge, 842 F.Supp. 643 (Mag.D.Conn.1994) ( ).
Under analogous provisions of the criminal code, numerous courts have employed the same reasoning to reach the same result. 6 See, e.g., United States v. Kern, 12 F.3d 122, 126 (8th Cir.1993) ( ); United States v. Mendez, 992 F.2d 1488, 1491-92 (9th Cir.) (conspiracy to rob is crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(c)(3)) (collecting cases), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 262, 126 L.Ed.2d 214 (1993); United States v. Johnson, 962 F.2d 1308, 1311-12 (8th Cir.) (Sec. 924(c); conspiracy to commit bank robbery), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 358, 121 L.Ed.2d 271 (1992); United States v. Patino, 962 F.2d 263, 267 (2d Cir.) (Sec. 924(c); conspiracy to commit kidnapping), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 354, 121 L.Ed.2d 268 (1992); United States v. Greer, 939 F.2d 1076, 1099 (5th Cir.1991) (, )aff'd en banc, 968 F.2d 433 (5th Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 1390, 122 L.Ed.2d 764 (1993); see also United States v. Cruz, 805 F.2d 1464, 1474 n. 11 (11th Cir.1986) ( )(dicta), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1006, 107 S.Ct. 1631, 95 L.Ed.2d 204 (1987). But cf. United States v. King, 979 F.2d 801 (10th Cir.1992) ( ).
For these reasons, we conclude that both of defendant's convictions--conspiracy to commit arson and aiding and abetting the commission thereof--constitute crimes of violence within the meaning of Sec. 3156(a)(4). 7 As defendant has advanced no other challenge to the detention order, we affirm the district court's decision.
Affirmed.
1 Section 3156(a)(4) reads as follows:
[T]he term "crime of violence" means--
(A) an offense that has as an element of the offense the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another; or
(B) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.
2 This provision, with its cross-reference to Sec. 3142(f)(1), provides in relevant part as follows:
The judicial officer shall order that a person who has been found guilty of [a crime of violence] and is awaiting imposition or execution of sentence be detained unless--
(A)(i) the judicial officer finds that there is a substantial likelihood that a motion for acquittal or new trial will be granted; or
(ii) an attorney for the Government has recommended that no sentence of imprisonment be imposed on the person; and
(B) the judicial officer finds by clear and convincing evidence that the person is not likely to flee or pose a danger to any other person or the community.
18 U.S.C. Sec. 3143(a)(2). While the court here found no likelihood of flight or danger under subsection (B), it also found pursuant to subsection (A) that a motion for new trial was unlikely to be granted and that a prison term would be recommended.
3 Any such argument would have been plainly unavailing. See, e.g., United States v. Marzullo, 780 F.Supp. 658, 662-65 (W.D.Mo.1991) ( ); United States v. Shaker, 665 F.Supp. 698, 702 n. 4 (N.D.Ind.1987) (same); cf. United States v. Lee, 726 F.2d 128, 131 (4th Cir.) (18 U.S.C. Sec. 1952(a)(2)), that arson was crime of violence under cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1253, 104 S.Ct. 3540, 82 L.Ed.2d 844 (1984); U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.2(1)(ii) (explicitly including "arson" within definition of "crime of violence" for purposes of sentencing guidelines).
4 His conviction on the aiding and abetting...
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