U.S. v. Montilla, No. 88-5177
| Court | United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit) |
| Writing for the Court | Before WALLACE, FARRIS and BEEZER; BEEZER |
| Citation | 870 F.2d 549 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Maria Yanibe MONTILLA, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Decision Date | 06 February 1989 |
| Docket Number | No. 88-5177 |
Page 549
v.
Maria Yanibe MONTILLA, Defendant-Appellant.
Ninth Circuit.
Decided March 20, 1989.
Page 550
Wayne R. Young, O'Neill & Young, Santa Monica, Cal., for defendant-appellant.
Stephen G. Wolfe, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Before WALLACE, FARRIS and BEEZER, Circuit Judges.
BEEZER, Circuit Judge:
Maria Montilla appeals her conviction upon a plea of guilty of conspiracy to possess cocaine with the intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. Secs. 841(a)(1) and 846 (1982). Montilla argues that the "outrageous conduct" of federal agents violated her due process rights, and that this due process argument was not waived by her plea. We affirm the conviction, but vacate the $50 special assessment.
Montilla is a citizen of Colombia. In 1985 she entered the United States illegally. She came to know her codefendant, Hector Hernandez, and moved into an apartment in Los Angeles with him. Montilla had polio as a child and wished to obtain money to pay for an operation on her legs. In August 1987, Montilla met a man named Johnny at a dance. Johnny suggested that Montilla could make money selling cocaine. He arranged a meeting between Montilla and a government informant, Roberto. Montilla sold cocaine to Roberto on two occasions. She obtained the cocaine from Hernandez. Roberto told Montilla that he could introduce her to a physician who could help her obtain medical treatment if she sold cocaine to the physician.
On September 2, 1987, "Dr. Victor Guevara" contacted Montilla by means of a beeper Montilla carried. "Dr. Guevara" was, in fact, Special Agent Victor Guerrero of the FBI, posing as a physician. Guerrero had several meetings with Montilla, during which Montilla agreed to sell him ten kilos of cocaine--the transaction to be arranged by Hernandez. Hernandez attended some of the meetings. At others, Montilla and Guerrero met alone. Guerrero flirted with Montilla, and she apparently
Page 551
became attracted to the handsome "doctor". Guerrero indicated that he would help her obtain medical treatment, although he made no specific promises, and also told her that she should get a job that offered medical insurance.On October 6, 1987, Montilla delivered the ten kilos of cocaine to Guerrero and was arrested. She was charged with conspiracy to possess cocaine, 21 U.S.C. Sec. 846, and possession of ten kilos of cocaine with intent to distribute. 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1). The possession charge carried a ten-year mandatory minimum sentence. 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(b)(1)(A)(ii)(II) (Supp. IV 1987). The conspiracy count did not carry a mandatory minimum. See 21 U.S.C. Sec. 846. The government offered Montilla a plea bargain; she could plead guilty to the conspiracy count in exchange for dismissal of the possession charge.
Montilla filed a pretrial motion to dismiss the indictment for outrageous government conduct, and requested an evidentiary hearing. Montilla's attorney attempted to paint a lurid picture for the district court of a helpless young woman forced to enter the drug trade by evil government agents preying upon her need for an expensive operation. The government countered with allegations that Montilla lived with a professional cocaine dealer, that she carried a beeper so she could help him with deliveries, and that she was certainly no stranger to the drug trade.
On February 16, 1988, the district court denied the motion for an evidentiary hearing. The court decided to delay consideration of the motion to dismiss until trial. The court did not want to spend a day hearing pretrial testimony that would be duplicated at the trial if the motion was denied. Accordingly, the court refused to rule on the motion until the evidence at trial was heard. This ruling conflicted with Montilla's tactical needs, because she wanted to test her outrageous conduct claim prior to trial. The government refused to consent to a conditional plea, and the plea bargain was off if the case went to trial. Montilla's brief sums up her predicament, as she saw it, very well: "A pretrial hearing would provide her [the] only opportunity for a judicial ruling on the government's misconduct because she was not going to risk a ten-year minimum sentence by asserting a misconduct defense at trial...."
On March 7, 1988, Montilla renewed her motion for a pretrial hearing on her motion to dismiss. The judge informed her attorney that he was not able to arrange his schedule solely to strengthen defendants' plea bargaining positions, and that he would rule on the motion at trial. He told counsel that it was time for Montilla to "fish or cut bait." Montilla cut bait, pleading guilty to the conspiracy count. She was sentenced to five years in prison.
Montilla timely appeals. Fed.R.App.P. 4(b). We have jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 (1982). We review the questions of law raised in this appeal de novo. In re McLinn, 739 F.2d 1395, 1398 (9th Cir.1984) (en banc). We review the timing of an evidentiary hearing for abuse of discretion. United States v. Layton, 720 F.2d 548, 553 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1069, 104 S.Ct. 1423, 79 L.Ed.2d 748 (1984).
The due process defense 1 based upon the alleged outrageous conduct of government agents is often pleaded, but is very rarely successful. See United States v. Pemberton, 853 F.2d 730, 735 (9th Cir.1988) (per curiam) (noting that defense has been successfully used to dismiss an indictment only once in the Ninth Circuit). The defense is based upon the Supreme Court's 1973 dictum that a case may arise presenting "a situation in which the conduct of law enforcement agents is so outrageous that due process principles would absolutely bar the government from involving judicial processes
Page 552
to obtain a conviction...." United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 431-32, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 1643, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973). 2...To continue reading
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U.S. v. Navarro, No. CR S-94-390 LKK.
...563, 109 S.Ct. 757, 102 L.Ed.2d 927, § 74 (1989)); United States v. Cortez, 973 F.2d 764, 766 (9th Cir.1992); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 552 (9th Cir.1989) (citing Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 1608, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973)), amended on other grounds, 9......
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...v. Quinones, 906 F.2d 924, 925-27 (2d Cir.1990); United States v. Kaiser, 893 F.2d 1300, 1302 (11th Cir.1990); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 550, 553 (9th Cir.1989) (applying Broce on direct appeal to conclude the defendant waived the right to an evidentiary hearing on her due pr......
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State v. Norris, No. 20020966-CA.
...that the defendant "did not waive his constitutional attack on the [underlying] statute by pleading guilty"); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 552 (9th Cir.1989) (stating that although the dividing line between constitutional claims that are waived by a guilty plea and those that su......
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State v. Kelty, 2006 WI 101 (Wis. 7/12/2006), No. 2003AP3055-CR.
...Quinones, 906 F.2d 924, 925-27 (2d Cir. 1990); United States v. Kaiser, 893 F.2d 1300, 1302 (11th Cir. 1990); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 550, 553 (9th Cir. 1989) (applying Broce on direct appeal to conclude the defendant waived the right to an evidentiary hearing on her due pr......
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U.S. v. Navarro, No. CR S-94-390 LKK.
...563, 109 S.Ct. 757, 102 L.Ed.2d 927, § 74 (1989)); United States v. Cortez, 973 F.2d 764, 766 (9th Cir.1992); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 552 (9th Cir.1989) (citing Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 1608, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973)), amended on other grounds, 9......
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State v. Kelty, No. 2003AP3055-CR.
...v. Quinones, 906 F.2d 924, 925-27 (2d Cir.1990); United States v. Kaiser, 893 F.2d 1300, 1302 (11th Cir.1990); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 550, 553 (9th Cir.1989) (applying Broce on direct appeal to conclude the defendant waived the right to an evidentiary hearing on her due pr......
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State v. Norris, No. 20020966-CA.
...that the defendant "did not waive his constitutional attack on the [underlying] statute by pleading guilty"); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 552 (9th Cir.1989) (stating that although the dividing line between constitutional claims that are waived by a guilty plea and those that su......
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State v. Kelty, 2006 WI 101 (Wis. 7/12/2006), No. 2003AP3055-CR.
...Quinones, 906 F.2d 924, 925-27 (2d Cir. 1990); United States v. Kaiser, 893 F.2d 1300, 1302 (11th Cir. 1990); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 550, 553 (9th Cir. 1989) (applying Broce on direct appeal to conclude the defendant waived the right to an evidentiary hearing on her due pr......