U.S. v. Morales, 05-2560.

• Decision Date: 26 April 2006
• Docket Number: No. 05-2560.,05-2560.
• Citation: 445 F.3d 1081
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Raul Padilla MORALES, also known as Santos Escmilla-Avalos, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

445 F.3d 1081

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Raul Padilla MORALES, also known as Santos Escmilla-Avalos, Appellant.

No. 05-2560.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: January 12, 2006.

Filed: April 26, 2006.

Richard S. Rhinehart, argued, Sioux City, IA, for appellant.

Ian K. Thornhill, argued, Asst. U.S. Atty., Cedar Rapids, IA (Forde Fairchild, Asst. U.S. Atty., Sioux City, IA, on the brief), for appellee.

Before SMITH and HANSEN, Circuit Judges, and BOGUE,¹ District Judge.

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

Raul Padilla Morales appeals his conviction for conspiracy to distribute 500 grams or more of methamphetamine within a protected location, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 860(a).² Morales contends that his post-verdict motion for acquittal should have been granted due to improper venue. In the alternative, Morales challenges his sentence in several respects. We affirm.

I. Background

Undercover Officer Rich Shuck and a confidential informant met with Jose Lopez-Guido at a residence in Sioux City, Iowa, to purchase a half pound of methamphetamine. The informant entered the residence, and Lopez-Guido told him that the methamphetamine was located at a residence at 1113 F Street in South Sioux City, Nebraska. Raul Padilla Morales lived at this residence. Lopez-Guido instructed the informant to follow him to that location. Officer Shuck and the informant then followed Lopez-Guido by car. Upon arrival, Lopez-Guido retrieved 70.3 grams of methamphetamine. Morales was working and thus not home at the time. Lopez-Guido sold the methamphetamine to the undercover agent and offered to provide the remainder after Morales, who controlled the drugs, returned from work later in the day.

Several days later, Officer Shuck and the informant met with Lopez-Guido in the parking lot of Tyson Foods in Dakota City, Nebraska. Lopez-Guido again asked the informant and undercover officer to follow him to Morales's home, where Lopez-Guido obtained 167.4 grams of methamphetamine and sold it to the undercover officer. Lopez-Guido said he or another person would deliver another two ounces later in the day. Later that day, Morales called the informant, advising him to come to Riverview Apartments in South Sioux City, Nebraska.³ There, Morales arrived in a gold Dodge Intrepid and hand-delivered 53.3 grams of methamphetamine to Officer Shuck.

Eight days later, Lopez-Guido met with the same informant and Special Agent Hunter Bellon in the Tyson Foods parking lot. Lopez-Guido got into the car with them. After a brief conversation in Spanish between Lopez-Guido and the informant, Lopez-Guido asked them to wait for a moment and exited the vehicle. Lopez-Guido then walked over to and spoke with Morales, who was standing nearby in the parking lot. After this conversation, Lopez-Guido returned to the vehicle and told Special Agent Bellon and the informant to meet him at the Riverview Apartments. Lopez-Guido and Morales then drove away together.

Shortly thereafter, Lopez-Guido drove up in the gold Intrepid and sold 270 grams of methamphetamine to Special Agent Bellon and the informant. The parties also arranged for the delivery of another six ounces later that day at the same location. Surveillance officers followed Lopez-Guido to Morales's residence. Some time later, Morales was stopped in the gold Intrepid in route from his house toward the meeting place. Law enforcement seized 175 grams of methamphetamine from Morales's vehicle.

Morales and Lopez-Guido were charged in the Northern District of Iowa with conspiracy to distribute 500 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine within 1,000 feet of a protected location. Lopez-Guido pled guilty, and Morales proceeded to trial. After the jury convicted him, Morales filed a renewed motion for acquittal, alleging that the prosecution failed to show that he was involved in a conspiracy within the Northern District of Iowa. The district court denied the motion.

At sentencing, the district court determined by a preponderance of the evidence that Morales was responsible for 736 grams of methamphetamine. The district court then calculated Morales's advisory Guidelines range to be 151-188 months' imprisonment, based on a total offense level of 34 and a category I criminal history. The district court denied all of Morales's requests for downward adjustments under the Guidelines.

However, the district court ultimately sentenced Morales below the advisory Guidelines range. The district court held that a 132-month sentence was reasonable under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6), which requires a sentencing court to consider "the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct." The district court noted that Lopez-Guido was sentenced to the statutory minimum of 120 months' imprisonment. The court declined Morales request for adjustments based upon acceptance of responsibility and for his role in the offense. The court reasoned that Morales had shown not entitlement to acceptance of responsibility by his offer to plead guilty. The court also noted that co-defendant Lopez-Guido received a lesser sentence than Morales because Lopez-Guido did show entitlement to acceptance of responsibility. However, the court also determined that the variance between the sentences of the two co-conspirators should not differ as much as they would if Morales were given a Guidelines sentence. The district court then sentenced Morales to 132 months' imprisonment.

Morales appeals the district court's denial of his motion for a judgment of acquittal, arguing that the government failed to prove that the conspiracy commenced or occurred in the Northern District of Iowa. In the alternative, Morales challenges his sentence, asserting that the district court erred by (1) finding drug quantity by a preponderance of the evidence; (2) denying Morales's motions for downward adjustments; and (3) imposing an unreasonable sentence.

II. Venue

We review de novo the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal, and we reverse "only if no reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Howard, 413 F.3d 861, 864 (8th Cir.2005) (internal quotations and citations omitted). "We evaluate the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor." United States v. Serrano-Lopez, 366 F.3d 628, 634 (8th Cir.2004).

"Proper venue is required by Article III, § 2 of the United States Constitution and by the Sixth Amendment, as well as Rule 18 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure." United States v. Romero, 150 F.3d 821, 824 (8th Cir.1998) (brackets, citations, and internal quotations omitted). A violation of federal law may be prosecuted "in any district in which such offense was begun, continued, or completed." 18 U.S.C. § 3237(a). "Furthermore, although separate proof of an overt act is not a necessary element of a drug conspiracy under 21 U.S.C. § 846, venue is proper in a conspiracy case in any jurisdiction in which an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy was committed by any of the conspirators." Romero, 150 F.3d at 824 (citations and internal quotations omitted).

Based on the evidence presented at trial, a jury could reasonably infer that an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy took place within the Northern District of Iowa, making venue proper there. Law enforcement's first meeting with co-conspirator Lopez-Guido took place in Sioux City, Iowa, which is in the Northern District of Iowa. The meeting was pre-arranged for the purpose of a methamphetamine transaction. At the meeting, Lopez-Guido told the informant to follow him to where the methamphetamine was located. The informant and Officer Shuck then followed Lopez-Guido across the river to Morales's home in South Sioux City, Nebraska. Morales was not home, but Lopez-Guido obtained 70.3 grams of methamphetamine and sold it to the undercover officer. Lopez-Guido indicated that he could sell the undercover officer more methamphetamine later that day after Morales got home from work. The second sale involved a similar pattern: meeting in one place and then driving to Morales's home to obtain the narcotics. The third sale was set up by Lopez-Guido, but Morales arranged the meeting place and hand-delivered the narcotics, driving the gold Intrepid. Prior to completing the fourth transaction, Lopez-Guido left the law enforcement officers to confer with Morales and then instructed the officers to travel to the location of the third transaction to pick up the narcotics. Lopez-Guido delivered the narcotics in the gold Intrepid and set up another transaction. Morales was arrested on his way to making that delivery with the amount of narcotics discussed and was driving the gold Intrepid.

Given these facts, a jury could reasonably infer that Morales and Lopez-Guido conspired to distribute methamphetamine before Lopez-Guido's initial meeting with the informant and Officer Shuck. Thus, Lopez-Guido's initial meeting constituted an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy. Because this overt act took place within the Northern District of Iowa, venue was proper there.

III. Sentencing

"We review a challenge to the district court's interpretation and application of the...