U.S. v. Mosley

• Decision Date: 22 September 1981
• Docket Number: No. 81-1183,81-1183
• Citation: 659 F.2d 812
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jerry MOSLEY, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 812

659 F.2d 812

65 A.L.R.Fed. 454

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jerry MOSLEY, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 81-1183.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued June 8, 1981.

Decided Sept. 22, 1981.

Steven P. Handler, and Paul Cottrell, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellant.

Michael Wise, Asst. U. S. Atty., Chicago, Ill., Robert Walter Tarun, U.S. Atty., Dept. of Justice, Chicago, Ill., of counsel, for plaintiff-appellee.

Before CUMMINGS, Chief Judge, PELL, Circuit Judge, and EAST ^*, Senior District Judge.

PELL, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Jerry Mosley was found guilty by a jury of violating 18 U.S.C. § 201(g) and 18 U.S.C. § 665(b) by soliciting through threats and receiving money in exchange for giving preferential treatment to certain individuals seeking jobs under the Comprehensive Employment and Training Programs Act, 29 U.S.C. § 801, et seq. (CETA). Mosley was employed in Chicago, Illinois as a CETA Intake and Eligibility Officer by the State of Illinois Bureau of Employment Security (IBES) which acted as the "prime sponsor" of the Chicago CETA program. ¹ Mosley's CETA job title was Employment Section Manpower Representative II, and his duties were to interview applicants for CETA jobs, evaluate their CETA eligibility, and, if appropriate, refer them to employers offering CETA-funded jobs. The cost of the jobs as well as all of IBES' costs, including Mosley's salary, was paid for entirely by the Federal Government under the CETA program.

On March 29, 1979, Mosley interviewed CETA applicant Anthony S. Thomas in the IBES office. At that time, Mosley told Thomas that Thomas "could get the job quicker" if he paid Mosley $50. Consequently, Thomas gave Mosley the $50 and received a referral card for a CETA job for which Thomas was subsequently hired.

A similar occurrence happened on May 22, 1979, when Mosley interviewed Jerry Campbell for another CETA position. Mosley told Campbell there was a "long list of people waiting for jobs," and "you know how much it costs." Campbell responded that he lacked $50 but gave Mosley $20 in return for the referral card and stated that he owed Mosley $30. Campbell also received the CETA job to which Mosley had referred him.

At his trial, Mosley testified on his own behalf, denying that he accepted any money from CETA applicants or had promised them preferential treatment. On this appeal however, Mosley raises two different contentions. First, he claims that he was not a "public official" as that term is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 201(a) and utilized in § 201(g); and second, he contends that although he promised and gave Thomas and Campbell preferential treatment in exchange for the payments, he never utilized "threats or refusal of employment" prohibited by 18 U.S.C. § 665(b).

I

Section 201(g) of Title 18, U.S.C. prohibits as a felony any "public official" from directly or indirectly asking, demanding, soliciting, accepting or receiving anything of value for himself for or because of any official act performed or to be performed by him. Section 201(a) defines "public official" as including any officer or employee of the federal Government or person "acting for or on behalf of the United States or any department, agency or branch of Government thereof." In this case, Mosley claims that because he and his superiors were state, and not federal, employees in that only the state government had the authority to hire or fire them, he cannot be considered a "public official" for the purposes of § 201(g).

Mosley places primary reliance in this argument on two Second Circuit cases, United States v. Loschiavo, 531 F.2d 659 (2d Cir. 1976), and United States v. Del Toro, 513 F.2d 656 (2d Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 826, 96 S.Ct. 41, 46 L.Ed.2d 42. These cases held that employees of the City of New York were not "public officials" for the purposes of § 201(g) in their employment under the federal Government "Model Cities" programs. In both cases, the district court had held that because 80% of the employees' salaries, and 100% of the Program's costs were underwritten by the federal Government, the employees were "public officials" subject to § 201(g). The Second Circuit rejected this narrow approach, noting in Loschiavo that it is not the degree of the Federal Government's payment of the specific program's costs that was important, but that it is "the character and attributes of (the employee's) employment relationship, if any, with the federal Government" which holds the greatest significance. 531 F.2d at 661. Because the employees were entirely under state supervision and authority pursuant to the Model Cities program, the court held that they were not "public officials" under § 201(g).

Loschiavo and Del Toro each concern the relationship between the federal Government and employees under an entirely separate statutory program than that which we review in this case, and thus neither of these cases directly controls the resolution of the issues presented here. Mosley nevertheless relies upon them as analogous to the present litigation. We cannot agree. Without reviewing in detail the statutory provisions and legislative history of the Model Cities program, we find that the provisions of and history underlying the CETA program manifest a substantial amount of federal Government involvement, a degree of involvement sufficient to warrant the district court's finding in this case that Mosley was indeed a "public official" "acting for or on behalf of the United States" Department of Labor. ²

The statutory provisions of CETA clearly set forth substantial federal Government supervision of the local "prime sponsors" in charge of the local administration of the CETA programs and funds. Initially, § 811 sets forth the qualifications of a "prime sponsor," which includes the required submission of a "comprehensive plan" that must be approved by the Secretary of Labor prior to funding, § 813. The plan must include, inter alia, "a detailed description of the record keeping procedures ... which will allow the Secretary to audit and monitor the prime sponsor's programs ...," § 813(a)(11), and "adequate assurances of compliance with all provisions of this chapter and regulations promulgated thereto." § 813(a)(21). In addition, annual plans are required which, inter alia, relate the prime sponsor's performance and placement goals to the Secretary's performance standards, § 813(b)(4), and contain budget and expenditure information, § 813(b)(5). The Secretary, upon review of the plans for compliance with the requirements of the statute and the applicable regulations, may order any necessary alteration in the plans, § 814(c)(1), or may disapprove of the plan entirely after a reasonable time for cure has expired. § 814(d)(1). Whenever the Secretary discovers a noncompliance with the statute, or regulations he may revoke all or part of the financial assistance after a hearing, § 816(c)(2), and "order such sanctions or corrective actions as are appropriate...." § 816(d)(1).

Section 828 provides the Secretary's power to "prescribe such rules and regulations, including performance standards, as deemed necessary ..." and pursuant to that section, the Secretary has issued almost 300 pages of regulations beginning at 20 C.F.R. Part 675. The regulations govern all areas of the CETA program including grant procedures, program design and management, administration, and fraud and program abuse prevention. Specifically § 676.62(b) of the regulations requires each recipient of federal funds to avoid conflicts of interest in awarding financial assistance, and § 676.65(b) provides:

No person or organization ... may charge a fee to any individual for the placement or referral of that individual to any CETA program....

The legislative history of CETA also manifests Congress' intent that the Secretary retain supervisory control over the programs administered locally by prime sponsors. House Report No. 93-659 states the purpose of CETA was to "establish a decentralized and decategorized manpower program which will be responsible to local needs while at the same time maintaining necessary Federal supervision to insure that the national purposes in enacting the legislation are properly carried out." Reprinted in (1973) U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News, at 2935 (emphasis supplied). The Report notes that CETA "... while providing for decentralization ... reaffirms the Federal role in assuring that manpower programs are operated in accord with Federal policy," id. at 2936, and that the programs "are subject to effective federal supervision .... to insure that the requirements of the act are fulfilled," id. at 2941. The Report suggests various enforcement mechanisms for the Secretary, id. at 2942, and succinctly concludes:

It is the intent of the Committee that the Secretary has ultimate responsibility for assuring that manpower programs and policies are carried out in accordance with the purposes and provisions of the Act.

Id.

This legislative history palpably indicates that the purpose of the CETA program was to put under one umbrella the many varied manpower employment and...