U.S. v. Moussaoui

• Decision Date: 26 June 2003
• Docket Number: No. 03-4261.,No. 03-4162.,03-4162.,03-4261.
• Citation: 333 F.3d 509
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Zacarias MOUSSAOUI, Defendant-Appellee. ABC, Incorporated; Associated Press; Cable News Network, LP, LLLP; CBS Broadcasting, Incorporated; The Hearst Corporation; National Broadcasting Company, Incorporated; The New York Times Company; The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; The Star Tribune Company; Tribune Company; The Washington Post, Intervenors. In Re: United States of America, Petitioner. ABC, Incorporated; Associated Press; Cable News Network, LP, LLLP; CBS Broadcasting, Incorporated; The Hearst Corporation; National Broadcasting Company, Incorporated; The New York Times Company; The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; The Star Tribune Company; Tribune Company; The Washington Post, Intervenors.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

333 F.3d 509

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Zacarias MOUSSAOUI, Defendant-Appellee ABC, Incorporated; Associated Press; Cable News Network, LP, LLLP; CBS Broadcasting, Incorporated; The Hearst Corporation; National Broadcasting Company, Incorporated; The New York Times Company; The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; The Star Tribune Company; Tribune Company; The Washington Post, Intervenors In Re: United States of America, Petitioner.

ABC, Incorporated; Associated Press; Cable News Network, LP, LLLP; CBS Broadcasting, Incorporated; The Hearst Corporation; National Broadcasting Company, Incorporated; The New York Times Company; The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; The Star Tribune Company; Tribune Company; The Washington Post, Intervenors.

No. 03-4162.

No. 03-4261.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Argued: June 3, 2003.

Decided: June 26, 2003.

ARGUED:

Michael Chertoff, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Frank Willard Dunham, Jr., Federal Public Defender, Alexandria, Virginia, Edward B. MacMahon, Jr., Middleburg, Virginia, for Appellee.

ON BRIEF:

Paul J. McNulty, United States Attorney, Robert A. Spencer, Assistant United States Attorney, Kenneth M. Karas, Assistant United States Attorney, David J. Novak, Assistant United States Attorney, Office of The United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant. Gerald T. Zerkin, Senior Assistant Federal Public Defender, Kenneth P. Troccoli, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Anne M. Chapman, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Alexandria, Virginia; Alan Yamamoto, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.

Before WILKINS, Chief Judge, and WILLIAMS and GREGORY, Circuit Judges.

Dismissed by published opinion. Chief Judge WILKINS wrote the opinion, in which Judge WILLIAMS and Judge GREGORY joined.

WILKINS, Chief Judge:

This appeal is one of extraordinary importance, presenting a direct conflict between a criminal defendant's right "to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor," U.S. Const. amend VI, and the Government's essential duty to preserve the security of this nation and its citizens. The Government appeals an order of the district court directing it to produce an individual ("the enemy combatant witness")¹ for a deposition pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 15,² arguing that access to the enemy combatant witness will have devastating consequences for national security and foreign relations. Counsel for Appellee Zacarias Moussaoui,³ on the other hand, maintain that it is fundamentally unfair for the Government to institute a criminal prosecution in the federal district court and then deny the defendant access to a potentially favorable witness.

We have accepted briefing on the issues and conducted argument, and we are prepared at this time to rule on the substantive questions before us. However, we are compelled to conclude that we are without authority to do so because the order of the district court is not yet an appealable one. We are therefore constrained to dismiss. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env't, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998).

I.

On September 11, 2001, members of al Qaeda⁴ hijacked three passenger aircraft and flew them into the World Trade Center towers in New York City and the Pentagon in Virginia. A fourth plane, apparently headed for the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., crashed in Pennsylvania after an heroic effort by passengers resisting the hijacking.

Moussaoui, an admitted al Qaeda member, was arrested approximately one month prior to September 11. He has been in pre-trial confinement since his arrest. A subsequently issued indictment alleges that until the time of his arrest, Moussaoui was a part of the planned attacks. He is charged with conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries, see 18 U.S.C.A. § 2332b(a)(2), (c) (West 2000) (Count One); conspiracy to commit aircraft piracy, see 49 U.S.C.A. § 46502(a)(1)(A), (a)(2)(B) (West 1997) (Count Two); conspiracy to destroy aircraft, see 18 U.S.C.A. §§ 32(a)(7), 34 (West 2000) (Count Three); conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction, see 18 U.S.C.A. § 2332a (West 2000) (Count Four); conspiracy to murder United States employees, see 18 U.S.C.A. §§ 1114, 1117 (West 2000) (Count Five); and conspiracy to destroy property, see 18 U.S.C.A. § 844(f), (i) (West 2000) (Count Six). The Government is seeking the death penalty on Counts One through Four.

In April 2002, Moussaoui moved to dismiss court-appointed counsel and proceed pro se. After lengthy proceedings in the district court concerning Moussaoui's competency to represent himself, the district court granted the motion. The court directed Moussaoui's former attorneys to remain involved as standby counsel. In September 2002, Moussaoui moved for access to the enemy combatant witness, asserting that this individual would be an important part of his defense. Moussaoui's motion was supported by standby counsel, who filed a motion seeking pretrial access to the enemy combatant witness and a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum ("testimonial writ") for this witness' trial testimony.⁵ The Government opposed this request.

Following a hearing, the district court granted the motion in part. Applying the procedures set forth in the Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA), 18 U.S.C.A.App. 3 §§ 1-16 (West 2000 & Supp.2003), as a useful framework for decision, the court determined that testimony from the enemy combatant witness would be relevant and material to Moussaoui's planned defense to the charges. The court also concluded that Moussaoui and the public's interest in a fair trial outweighed the Government's national security interest in precluding access to the enemy combatant witness. However, the court ruled that the Government's national security concerns counseled against granting unfettered pretrial access to the enemy combatant witness and against requiring that the enemy combatant witness be produced for testimony at trial. The district court therefore issued a testimonial writ directing that the Government produce the witness for a Rule 15 deposition and setting conditions for the deposition.

The Government appealed the order of the district court. We heard argument on June 3, 2003.

II.

Appellate jurisdiction is generally governed by 28 U.S.C.A. § 1291 (West 1993), which provides that the courts of appeals "shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States." A "final" judgment is one "that ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment." Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 467, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978) (internal quotation marks omitted). "In the criminal context, finality comes with the conviction and imposition of sentence." United States v. Bertoli, 994 F.2d 1002, 1010 (3d Cir.1993).

Judged by this standard, the order of the district court clearly is not a "final" one. Nevertheless, the Government maintains that we have jurisdiction, offering three grounds for such a conclusion: CIPA, the collateral order doctrine, and mandamus. None of these provides a basis for review of the district court order.

A. CIPA

CIPA was enacted in 1980 to combat the problem of "graymail," an attempt by a defendant to derail a criminal trial by threatening to disclose classified information. See S.Rep. No. 96-823, at 2 (1980), reprinted in 1980 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4294, 4295; see also id. at 3 (noting that problem of graymail is not "limited to instances of unscrupulous or questionable conduct by defendants since wholly proper defense attempts to obtain or disclose classified information may present the government with the same `disclose or dismiss' problem"), reprinted in 1980 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4296-97. CIPA requires that a criminal defendant who plans to disclose classified information at his trial so notify the district court prior to trial. See 18 U.S.C.A.App. 3 § 5(a). The government may then request a hearing, at which the district court must determine whether the classified information in question is relevant and admissible. See id. § 6(a). Once the district court has made such a ruling, CIPA entitles the government to take an interlocutory appeal.⁶ See id. § 7(a).

Here, the Government contends that the order of the district court directing the deposition of the enemy combatant witness is "a decision or order ... authorizing the disclosure of classified information," id., from which it may take an immediate appeal. We disagree. CIPA § 6, to which the Government points, is concerned with the disclosure of classified information by the defendant to the public at a trial or pretrial proceeding, not the pretrial disclosure of classified information to the defendant or his attorneys. Cf. United States v. Smith, 780 F.2d 1102, 1106 (4th Cir.1985) (en banc); id. at 1108-09 (noting that the government's interest in maintaining confidentiality of classified information "is still protectable although [the defendant] may have had access to the information"). It is true, of course, that the district court issued the testimonial writ based in part on its assessment that the enemy combatant witness' testimony would likely be helpful to Moussaoui's defense. But, neither this conclusion, nor the fact that the purpose of the deposition is to preserve the enemy combatant witness' testimony for potential use at trial, is sufficient to establish the applicability of CIPA. At its core, the order of the district court concerned only the question of whether Moussaoui and standby counsel would be granted access to the enemy combatant witness (and if so, what form of access), not whether any particular statement of this witness would be admitted at trial. The district court was thus correct to conclude that...