U.S. v. Nance

• Decision Date: 07 January 1982
• Docket Number: Nos. 81-1183,s. 81-1183
• Citation: 666 F.2d 353
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Harry H. NANCE, et al., Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Leon STELLY, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Taybren LEE, Defendant-Appellant. to 81-1185.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 353

666 F.2d 353

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Harry H. NANCE, et al., Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Leon STELLY, Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Taybren LEE, Defendant-Appellant.

Nos. 81-1183 to 81-1185.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Oct. 7, 1981.

Decided Jan. 7, 1982.

Barrett S. Litt, Los Angeles, Cal., for Nance.

Arthur Mabry, Los Angeles, Cal., for Stelly.

Joseph F. Walsh, Los Angeles, Cal., for Lee.

Paul Rochmes, Asst. U. S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before SNEED, KENNEDY and SKOPIL, Circuit Judges.

KENNEDY, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Harry H. Nance was convicted of two counts and appellants Leon Stelly and Taybren Lee were convicted of one count of theft from interstate shipments, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 659 (1976). The three were tried together and contend here as the principal ground of appeal that dismissal of their indictments is required by the Government's failure to bring them to trial within the seventy day time limit imposed by the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161 et seq. (1976 & Supp. III 1979).

The Speedy Trial Act requires the dismissal of the indictment against any defendant who is not brought to trial within seventy days. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3161(c)(1), 3162(a)(2) (Supp. III 1979). The Act contains narrow, automatic exclusions from the strict time limits for necessary pretrial proceedings, treatment of a defendant, trials on other charges, interlocutory appeals, and unavailability of defendants or essential witnesses, among other reasons. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)-(7) (1976 & Supp. III 1979). In addition, in response to the concern that courts need discretion to respond to characteristics of individual cases similar to those granted automatic exclusion, ¹ the Act permits the trial court to exclude continuances granted when the "ends of justice" outweigh the best interest of the public and defendant in a speedy trial. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(A) (1976). These findings must be set forth in the record.

Realizing that broad discretion would undermine the mandatory time limits of the Act, Congress intended that this provision be "rarely used" ² and enumerated four factors to be considered by the judge in granting an ends of justice continuance, including "(w)hether the failure to grant such a continuance ... would unreasonably deny the defendant or the Government continuity of counsel." 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(B)(iv) (Supp. III 1979). ³

The Congress, at the instance of the House of Representatives, further strengthened the Act to prohibit granting an ends of justice continuance "because of general congestion of the court's calendar," 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h) (8)(C) (1976). ⁴ The prohibition recognizes that the entire structure of the Speedy Trial Act is intended to eliminate delays caused by crowded dockets. Continuances should not be granted lightly or as a matter of course. The interests of justice exception should not be invoked without findings to support it. ⁵

As is generally the case, on appellate review of a trial court ruling that the ends of justice exception is grounds for a continuance, we do not disturb factual findings underlying the district court's determination unless they are clearly erroneous, but questions of the correct legal standard are for our de novo review. United States v. Fielding, 645 F.2d 719, 721-22 (9th Cir. 1981).

The case presents the issue whether delays occasioned by defense counsels' scheduling conflicts and previously calendared cases are excludable under the Speedy Trial Act as an "ends of justice" continuance, or rather must be deemed unexcused delays caused by "general court congestion." In part because the strict mandatory dismissal provisions of the Act have come into effect only recently, ⁶ the issue has not yet been addressed in this circuit. After computing certain limited delays directly caused by the need to preserve continuity of counsel, comprised in part of unexpected and excess trial days consumed by an intervening trial, we find that defendants were brought to trial within seventy days, and we affirm the convictions.

On September 3, 1980, Nance, Stelly, and Lee were arraigned before a magistrate. We refer to the consolidated cases as the Nance trial. An indictment issued on September 12, 1980. Indictment or arraignment, whichever is later, commences the Speedy Trial Act's seventy day mandatory trial period. Here, the September 12 indictment started the time.

On September 22, the defendants appeared before the Honorable Terry J. Hatter, Jr. and entered a plea of not guilty. Judge Hatter set the Nance trial for November 4, 1980, which would have been on the 53rd day of the seventy day period mandated by the Act.

On November 4, 1980, the court and the Government were prepared for trial, but the attorney for the defendant Lee was unavailable because of a death in the family. The trial was continued until January 6, 1981, which was the first date counsel could be present. In continuing the trial to January 6, the district court filed findings of fact and an order, excluding the entire period of the continuance under section 3161(h)(8)(A), on the specific ground that the delay was necessary to ensure continuity of counsel for the defense and the Government, 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(B)(iv) (Supp. III 1979). The appellants do not contest this finding or the exclusion of the entire first continuance period from the seventy day calculation.

The dispute here centers on additional delays in bringing the matter to trial. The parties were not able to proceed on January 6. Lee's attorney was unavailable because of the trial of a custody defendant in another case. Stelly's attorney requested a one day continuance until January 7. When these difficulties surfaced, the district court made two rulings, one resetting the Nance trial for January 13, and the other setting a criminal trial in an unrelated matter, called Lawton, to commence on January 6 in place of Nance.

The Lawton trial developed certain problems of its own. The trial judge was unavailable on January 6 and 7 for medical reasons, so Lawton did not begin until January 8. Lawton apparently had been estimated to require four trial days, but in fact it took six, ending on Friday, January 16. This in turn meant that the earliest the Nance trial could have begun was on Tuesday, January 20. ⁷

The court met with counsel in the Nance case on January 13, the date trial was to commence. Now it was apparent the Lawton case was a problem, and there were additional obstacles to rescheduling Nance. As mentioned, Lawton had been estimated to end by January 13, but now the earliest date for Nance was January 20. The trial judge was scheduled to attend a meeting of judges of the circuit on January 22 and 23. In addition, as of January 13, three custody cases were set for trial in the judge's court for the week of January 27 and were expected to last into the first week of February. Because of these scheduling obligations, Judge Hatter continued the Nance trial until February 10, 1981, and assigned the case to visiting Judge Russell E. Smith as the first trial on his calendar. The defendants moved on January 13 to dismiss for failure to comply with the Speedy Trial Act. The court rejected the motion and made findings and an order excluding the entire continuance, from January 6 to the scheduled date of February 10, to meet the ends of justice as provided in section 3161(h)(8).

The Nance trial actually began earlier than expected, on February 4. The appellants again moved to dismiss for failure to comply with the Speedy Trial Act, and the court denied the motion. The appellants contend here, as they did below, that none of the twenty-nine days between January 6 and February 4 can be excluded and that they were brought to trial on the 82nd day after the indictment, in violation of the Act. ⁸ We agree with appellants that certain portions of the twenty-nine day period were excluded improperly, but we find that unanticipated delays in commencing and concluding the Lawton trial stemmed from the continuance request and are properly excluded. By a computation set forth below, we find that the appellants were tried at least within sixty-nine days of the indictment so that there is no Speedy Trial Act violation.

Analyzing the period from January 6, when counsel moved for the continuance, to January 20, the first day after Lawton that Nance could have been tried, we rule that the days January 6 through January 12 are excluded from the time limits as being required for the continuance, and the days January 13 through January 19 are excluded from the limits as continuance time because they relate to illness and unforeseeable delays in the conclusion of Lawton.

While the record is not entirely clear on the point, ⁹ it appeared that defense counsel conflicts in the week of January 6 would have prevented the Nance trial from beginning until January 13, without reference to any intervening case. ¹⁰ Appellants advance no grounds to challenge the continuance granted from January 6 to January 13. Appellants cannot complain of the extension any more than the extension from November 4 to January 6 caused by defense counsel's unavailability. See United States v. Edwards, 627 F.2d 460 (D.C.Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 872, 101 S.Ct. 211, 66 L.Ed.2d 92 (1981); United States v. Howard, 590 F.2d 564, 568-69 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 976, 99 S.Ct. 1547, 59 L.Ed.2d 795 (1979).

We conclude, moreover, that the Lawton trial was properly scheduled as an intervening trial. At the time of scheduling, it appeared that Lawton would end in sufficient time for Nance to begin within the period provided by the Act and at a time when all counsel could be present. The conclusion of the...