U.S. v. Navedo-Colon

• Decision Date: 01 March 1993
• Docket Number: D,NAVEDO-COLO,No. 92-1236,92-1236
• Parties: UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. Jorge M.efendant, Appellant. . Heard
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 1337

996 F.2d 1337

UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. Jorge M. NAVEDO-COLON, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 92-1236.

United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.

Heard March 1, 1993.

Decided June 30, 1993.

Juan R. Acevedo Cruz, Hato Rey, PR, for defendant, appellant.

Jose A. Quiles-Espinosa, Sr. Litigation Counsel, with whom Daniel F. Lopez-Romo, U.S. Atty., Hato Rey, PR, was on brief, for appellee.

Before BREYER, Chief Judge, TORRUELLA and SELYA, Circuit Judges.

BREYER, Chief Judge.

Jorge M. Navedo Colon appeals from his conviction for unlawfully possessing drugs with intent to distribute them. 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He argues that the district court should not have permitted the government to introduce as evidence about 26 kilograms of cocaine that government agents took from his suitcase at San Juan's airport. He says that the agents' search of his suitcases was warrantless and without his consent. He adds that, in any event, the search was the "fruit" of a "poisonous tree," namely an earlier illegal x-ray of the suitcases. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 484-86, 83 S.Ct. 407, 415, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963). We find neither argument convincing.

The basic facts are the following:

1. On March 20, 1991, a trained drug-sniffing dog alerted customs agents at the San Juan airport to the likely presence of illegal drugs in several suitcases tagged for a flight to New York.

2. The agents put the suitcases through a Department of Agriculture x-ray machine. The x-ray revealed several packages within that appeared as if they could contain cocaine.

3. Using the suitcase's luggage tags (bearing the name "Luis Garcia"), agents found the suitcases' owner, namely the appellant, who was sitting in the New York bound airplane, which had not yet taken off. The agents asked appellant to accompany them off the airplane, and soon after arrested him.

4. One of the agents brought appellant to a special customs room, about nine feet by nine feet in size. He handcuffed one of appellant's hands to a chair, and left the door open. He gave appellant Miranda warnings, and then began to question him.

5. Appellant consented to a search of his hand luggage, in which the agent found luggage claim checks that matched the suitcase tags. Appellant also emptied his pockets, which contained identification bearing his real name, thereby revealing that the name of "Luis Garcia" written on the luggage tag was a false name.

6. After some time had passed (perhaps a few minutes, but certainly less than an hour), the agent brought the suitcases into the room, told appellant about "the dog search, the dog alert" and "the x-ray machine," and asked if he could open the suitcases. The appellant (who, according to the agent, simply said "yes") "shrugged by lifting his shoulders as if admitting defeat," which action, the district court found, amounted to "consent." The agent opened the suitcases and found the cocaine.

Appellant does not now deny that he consented to the suitcase search; rather, he says that the government "coerced" this consent. The district court, however, found to the contrary, and we must affirm this finding unless it is clearly erroneous. See, e.g., United States v. Cruz Jimenez, 894 F.2d 1, 7 (1st Cir.1990). According to the record, the appellant was simply questioned by one agent for less than an hour, after Miranda warnings, in an approximately eighty square foot room with an open door--albeit while appellant was sitting with one hand handcuffed to a chair. Despite the handcuff, however, these circumstances fall within the bounds of what courts have deemed valid and "voluntary" consent. See, e.g., United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 424, 96 S.Ct. 820, 828, 46 L.Ed.2d 598 (1976) (custody alone does not demonstrate coerced consent to search); United States v. Arango-Correa, 851 F.2d 54, 57-58 (2d Cir.1988) (where Miranda warnings given, normal tone-of-voice questioning by several agents over five hours does not demonstrate coerced consent to search, despite strip search); cf. Shriner v. Wainwright, 715 F.2d 1452, 1455-56 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1051, 104 S.Ct. 1328, 79 L.Ed.2d 723 (1984) (where Miranda warnings given, handcuffs and ten hours of detention, including five hours of intensive questioning, does not demonstrate that confession was coerced); Stawicki v. Israel, 778 F.2d 380 (7th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 842, 107 S.Ct. 150, 93 L.Ed.2d 91 (1986) (where Miranda warnings given, 5 1/2 hour detention including 1 1/2 hour interrogation did not render confession coerced).

Appellant's second argument--the "fruit of the poisonous tree"--presents a somewhat closer question of fact, though not of law. As in the very similar case of United States v. Maldonado-Espinosa, 968 F.2d 101, 103 (1st Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 1579, 123 L.Ed.2d 147 (1993), we will assume without deciding (as did the district court) that the luggage x-ray was unlawful. If the cocaine proves to be a "fruit" of that x-ray (i.e., if the x-ray caused appellant to consent to the search), then, given the assumption we have indulged, the law requires its suppression. Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 484-86, 83 S.Ct. at 415-17.

We concede that the district court's opinion does not explicitly deny a causal connection between the x-ray and appellant's consent. Yet that...