U.S. v. NEC Corp.

• Decision Date: 15 December 1993
• Docket Number: No. 92-2854,92-2854
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, United States of America, ex rel. Joanne Neher, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NEC CORPORATION f/k/a Nippon Electric Co.; NEC Overseas Marketing LTD. f/k/a NEC Overseas Market Development Co. Ltd., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 136

11 F.3d 136

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, United States of America, ex rel. Joanne Neher, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NEC CORPORATION f/k/a Nippon Electric Co.; NEC Overseas

Marketing LTD. f/k/a NEC Overseas Market

Development Co. Ltd., Defendants.

No. 92-2854.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

Dec. 15, 1993.

As Amended Jan. 12, 1994.

Coralyn G. Goode, Gerald H. Werfel, John J. O'Brien, Arent Fox Kinter Plotkin & Kahn, Washington, DC, for Williams.

Michael F. Hertz, Joan E. Hartman, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC, for USA.

Kendell W. Wherry, Asst. U.S. Atty., Orlando, FL, Tamra Phipps, Asst. U.S. Atty., Tampa, FL, for plaintiff-appellee.

Douglas N. Letter, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC, for plaintiff-appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.

Before BIRCH, Circuit Judge, CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge, and HOEVELER ^*, Senior District Judge.

BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

The United States of America, as appellee in the present case, moves to dismiss the appellant's qui tam action brought under the False Claims Act ("FCA"), 31 U.S.C. Sec. 3729 et seq. Because we find that a qui tam action survives the death of the plaintiff-relator, we DENY the appellee's motion to dismiss and GRANT the appellant's motion for substitution of a personal representative. This is an issue of first impression in the federal appellate courts.

I. BACKGROUND

The appellant, Arthur Williams, brought a qui tam action under 31 U.S.C. Sec. 3730 against the appellee, the United States of America, to recover a portion of a settlement procured by the government as a result of information provided by Williams. After dismissal of his action by the district court, Williams died while the present appeal was pending. The United States immediately moved for dismissal of Williams's action, asserting that a qui tam action abates with the death of the plaintiff-relator. Williams's estate, on the other hand, moved for substitution of his personal representative as plaintiff-appellant, arguing that the qui tam action survives Williams's death.

II. DISCUSSION

In the absence of an expression of contrary intent, the survival of a federal cause of action is a question of federal common law. James v. Home Constr. Co. of Mobile, 621 F.2d 727, 729 (5th Cir.1980). Here, neither the FCA nor its legislative history reveals the drafters' intent with respect to survivability. We thus turn to federal common law for guidance.

The parties agree that resolution of the survivability issue depends on whether the recovery is deemed "remedial" or "penal." A remedial action is one that compensates an individual for specific harm suffered, while a penal action imposes damages upon the defendant for a general wrong to the public. See In re Wood, 643 F.2d 188, 190-91 (5th Cir.1980). It is well-settled that remedial actions survive the death of the plaintiff, while penal actions do not. Schreiber v. Sharpless, 110 U.S. 76, 80, 3 S.Ct. 423, 424, 28 L.Ed. 65 (1884); Kilgo v. Bowman Transp., Inc., 789 F.2d 859, 876 (11th Cir.1986); James, 621 F.2d at 730. In deciding whether a statute is penal or remedial, we must examine three factors: " '(1) whether the purpose of the statute was to redress individual wrongs or more general wrongs to the public; (2) whether recovery under the statute runs to the harmed individual or to the public; and (3) whether the recovery authorized by the statute is wholly disproportionate to the harm suffered.' " Wood, 643 F.2d at 191 (quoting Murphy v. Household Fin. Corp., 560 F.2d 206, 209 (6th Cir.1977)).

Williams cites numerous cases holding that the FCA is a remedial statute. Each of these cases, however, deals with the issue of survivability following the defendant's death. It is manifest that the FCA is remedial with respect to the government's recovery against the defendant. For purposes of the present appeal, however, we must decide if the FCA is remedial or penal with respect to the recovery of the qui tam relator. ¹ Application of the three-prong test from Wood persuades us that the FCA's qui tam provisions are remedial, rather than penal.

First, the purpose of the FCA is to redress individual wrongs, rather than wrongs to the general public. The government's recovery against a FCA defendant is intended to compensate the government for damages suffered as a result of the defendant's actions. E.g., United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 317 U.S. 537, 551-52, 63 S.Ct. 379, 388, 87 L.Ed. 443 (1943). The United States, however, argues that this reasoning does not apply to a qui tam relator. The government contends that the action of a qui tam relator is based, not on any loss suffered by the relator himself, but entirely on the loss suffered by the government.

We disagree. We believe that a qui tam relator suffers substantial harm and the qui tam provisions of the FCA are intended to remedy that harm. First, a qui tam relator can suffer severe emotional strain due to the discovery of his unwilling involvement in fraudulent activity. Moreover, the actual or potential ramifications on a relator's employment can be substantial. As several courts have recognized, qui tam relators face the Hobson's choice of "keeping silent about the fraud, and suffering potential liability (and guilty consciences), or reporting the fraud and suffering repercussions, some as extreme as dismissal." United States ex rel. Robinson v. Northrop Corp., 824 F.Supp. 830, 835 (N.D.Ill.1993); accord United States ex rel. Burch v. Piqua, 803 F.Supp. 115, 119 (S.D.Ohio 1992). Finally, the relator can suffer substantial financial burdens as a result of the time and expense involved in bringing a qui tam action. We thus believe that the FCA's qui tam provisions are intended to redress wrongs suffered by individual relators such as Williams, rather than the general public.

Consideration of the second factor from the Wood analysis also highlights the remedial nature of the FCA's qui tam provisions. The United States cannot seriously contend that the recovery under the FCA runs only to the general public. Instead, the recovery runs to the United States Government and the qui tam relator as compensation for damages. The recovery of a qui tam relator is intended to remedy the harm he suffered in several ways: by distancing the relator from the fraud and rewarding him for his involvement in the government's fight against unlawful activity; by compensating the relator for any harm he suffered with respect to his employment; and by compensating the relator for the substantial time and expense involved in bringing a qui tam action. We thus...