U.S. v. Oliver

• Decision Date: 05 May 1994
• Docket Number: No. 92-7109,92-7109
• Citation: 20 F.3d 415
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert Earl OLIVER, Defendant-Appellant. Non-Argument Calendar. United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 415

20 F.3d 415

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert Earl OLIVER, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 92-7109

Non-Argument Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

May 5, 1994.

Carter A. Robinson, Huntsville, AL, for plaintiff-appellee.

Jack W. Selden, U.S. Atty., Pamela G. Daniel, Asst. U.S. Atty., Birmingham, AL, for defendant-appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama.

Before KRAVITCH and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and FAY, Senior Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM:

Robert Earl Oliver was convicted of several offenses, including possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 922(g)(1), and was sentenced as an armed career criminal under U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.4. Oliver appeals his sentence, arguing that the district court erred in classifying his prior conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon as a "violent felony" under the relevant guideline provision, and in triple-counting his prior robbery conviction in determining his current offense, his criminal history and his offense level. We hold that possession of a firearm by a convicted felon does not constitute a "violent felony" within the meaning of section 4B1.4, and therefore remand this case for resentencing in light of this opinion. With respect to Oliver's claim of "triple-counting," we conclude that the district court committed no error.

I.

Oliver, a convicted felon, was indicted on August 28, 1992, for two counts of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(g)(1), and one count of making a false statement in connection with the acquisition of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 922(a)(6). These charges arose from two separate incidents in which Oliver pawned several revolvers to a federally licensed firearms dealer. A jury found him guilty on all counts on November 3, 1992. Following a sentencing hearing, the district court adopted the sentencing calculation set forth in the presentence investigation report, and found that Oliver was an armed career criminal pursuant to U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.4. The court determined that "the three violent felony convictions that cause him to qualify for that treatment would be the 1979 possession of a pistol as a convicted felon, the 1980 carnal knowledge conviction and the 1980 robbery conviction." The court further suggested that "those are by no means the extent of [Oliver's] prior convictions but those are the three that I am focusing on for the purposes of the armed career offender classification." Oliver was sentenced to 276 months of incarceration.

II.

Oliver's principal contention is that the district court erred in construing his 1980 conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon as one of the three prior convictions necessary to subject him to the mandatory-minimum sentence reserved for armed career criminals. Under the Guidelines, "[a] defendant who is subject to an enhanced sentence under the provisions of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(e) is an armed career criminal." U.S.S.G. 4B1.4(a). The referenced statute provides, in pertinent part:

In the case of a person who violates section 922(g) ¹ of this title and has three previous convictions ... for a violent felony ... such person shall be fined not more than $25,000 and imprisoned not less than 15 years....

18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(e). The primary question raised by Oliver on appeal requires this court to resolve whether possession of a firearm by a convicted felon is a "violent felony" within the meaning of the statute.

Section 924(e) defines a violent felony as

"any crime punishable by imprisonment of a term exceeding one year, or any act of juvenile delinquency involving the use or carrying of a firearm, knife or destructive device that would be punishable by imprisonment by such term if committed by an adult, that

(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or

(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves the use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another....

Those few courts that have addressed the meaning of "violent felony" pursuant to Sec. 924(e) as encompassed by U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.4 have looked to the language of a corollary guideline provision for career offenders, U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.1. See, e.g., United States v. Garcia-Cruz, 978 F.2d 537 (9th Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 2453, 124 L.Ed.2d 669 (1993); United States v. Doe, 960 F.2d 221 (1st Cir.1992). A "career offender" under Sec. 4B1.1 is defined by, inter alia, the commission of a "crime of violence." The definition of "crime of violence," as set forth in Sec. 4B1.2, is similar to "violent felony" in Sec. 924(e). ² The commentary to Sec. 4B1.2, however, specifically excludes the unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon from the purview of "crime of violence" as that term is defined by the guideline ³, an interpretation to which this court is bound. See Stinson v. United States, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. 1913, 1915, 123 L.Ed.2d 598 (1993) ("[C]ommentary in the Guidelines Manual that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline.") No like provision exists in the statutory definition of "violent felony."

The application note following Sec. 4B1.4 explicitly states that "[t]he definitio[n] of "violent felony" ... in 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(e) ... [is] not identical to the definitio[n] of 'crime of violence' ... used in Sec. 4B1.1." It is important to note that the phrases "crime of violence" and "violent felony," as employed in the guidelines and in Sec. 924(e) respectively, are distinctly worded terms of art that, while apparently similar, are not interchangeable. Section 924(e), for instance, is far broader in scope than Sec. 4B1.1, and explicitly encompasses within its reach the commission of any juvenile offense that would constitute a felony if committed by an adult. Language pertaining to juvenile convictions is notably absent from the text of either Sec. 4B1.1 or its definitional section, Sec. 4B1.2. Nonetheless, we conclude that the two expressions are not conceptually distinguishable for purposes of the narrow question raised in this appeal. The only language in either Sec. 4B1.2 or Sec. 924(e) that might implicate the level of violence involved in the possession of a firearm is that which proscribes "conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." As stated previously, courts interpreting Secs. 4B1.1 and 4B1.2, prior to the commentary that binds courts on this issue, almost uniformly held that possession of a firearm by a convicted felon does not rise to the level of conduct presenting a serious potential risk of physical injury, and thus cannot be construed as a "crime of violence." See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 953 F.2d 110, 115 (4th Cir.1991) ("While a felon in possession of a firearm may pose a statistical danger to society, we refuse to interpret this statistical threat as evidence of specific intent on the part of an individual defendant. We hold, therefore, that the offense, felon in possession of a firearm, in the absence of any aggravating circumstances charged in the indictment, does not constitute a per se "crime of violence" under the provisions of U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.2."); United States v. Chapple, 942 F.2d 439, 442 (7th Cir.1991) ("[T]he threat posed by simple possession of a weapon, without more, does not rise to the level of an act that 'by its nature, presented a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.' ") (citation omitted); United States v. Fitzhugh, 954 F.2d 253, 255 (5th Cir.1992) ("[T]he specific offense of unlawful possession of a firearm simply does not constitute a 'crime of violence.' ") This reasoning was again implemented by the Sentencing Commission in its November, 1992 amendments to the commentary to Sec. 4B1.2. Precisely the same analytical framework applied by the courts in ascertaining the scope of a "crime of violence" logically obtains with respect to the question of what kind of conduct comprises a "violent felony." It is reasonable to suggest that conduct which does not pose a "serious potential risk of physical injury to another" for purposes of Sec. 4B1.1 and 4B1.2 similarly cannot pose such a risk with respect to Sec. 924(e) and Sec. 4B1.4. See also, United States v. Bell, 966 F.2d 703, 705 (1st Cir.1992) ("Although this appeal involves a sentence enhanced under U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.1 rather than U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.4, we believe that the two guideline provisions must be...