U.S. v. Pacific Hide & Fur Depot, Inc.
Citation | 768 F.2d 1096 |
Decision Date | 15 August 1985 |
Docket Number | Nos. 84-3075,84-3079,s. 84-3075 |
Parties | 15 Envtl. L. Rep. 20,851 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PACIFIC HIDE & FUR DEPOT, INC., Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William KNICK, Defendant-Appellant. |
Court | United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit) |
John A. Bryson, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-appellee.
Roger J. Magnuson, Luke Baer, Dorsey & Whitney, William J. Mauzy, Minneapolis, Minn., for defendant-appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Idaho.
Before KENNEDY and NORRIS, Circuit
Judges, and THOMPSON, * district judge.
Following a jury trial, defendants William Knick and Pacific Hide & Fur Depot, Inc. were convicted for violations of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 15 U.S.C. Secs. 2601-2629 (1982). On appeal, Knick and Pacific Hide raise various arguments relating to the sufficiency of the evidence, misjoinder of offenses, prosecutorial misconduct, invalidity of the specific regulations under which they were convicted, miscellaneous evidentiary rulings, and error in instructing the jury. We reverse on the last stated ground, error in the jury instructions, and do not reach the other contentions. We rule it was improper to instruct the jury on the doctrine of deliberate avoidance or willful blindness. See United States v. Jewell, 532 F.2d 697 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 951, 96 S.Ct. 3173, 49 L.Ed.2d 1188 (1976).
Pacific Hide owns and operates scrap metal salvage yards in the Pacific Northwest, and Knick manages its salvage yard in Pocatello, Idaho. Pacific Hide purchased the Pocatello site in 1979 from McCarty's, Inc. At the time of the sale, McCarty's retained ownership of adjacent property known as the McCarty Pit, but granted Pacific Hide the right to remove salvageable ferrous scrap from the pit.
In 1980, after the discovery of electrical transformers containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at various salvage yards owned by Pacific Hide, the corporation signed a consent decree with the EPA and sent out directives to yard managers prohibiting the receipt of transformers containing PCBs. The EPA commenced the investigation leading up to the present convictions upon receiving a report from a Pacific Hide employee regarding the drainage and disposal of transformers at the Pocatello site. The employee also reported that he had gathered a number of "black boxes" from various locations around the pit and buried them in the pit at a particular spot, all at Knick's direction.
As we relate below, the indictment counts respecting the disposal of transformers were dismissed. The parties' battle before the jury, and before us, concerns the black boxes and the issue whether the defendants either knew the characteristics of the boxes or attempted to conceal their chemical components. The black boxes were capacitors, a device used in electrical transmission. The boxes were metal and contained a liquid with prohibited concentrations of PCBs. They varied in size, but, as we understand the record, most of the capacitors were approximately two feet by two feet by six inches in dimension.
When the EPA investigators first visited the Pocatello salvage yard, they found no evidence of transformer disposal but did observe hundreds of the black boxes scattered throughout the McCarty pit, in plain view. Most of the capacitors had been received from Idaho Power between 1970 and 1973 by the McCartys, not by Pacific Hide. Neither the investigation nor the proof at trial disclosed that any of the capacitors had been transported to the pit initially by Pacific Hide.
The grand jury returned a five-count indictment charging appellants with: (1) wrongful disposal of capacitors, in violation of 40 C.F.R. Sec. 761.10(b) (1981); (2) failure to mark PCB capacitors, in violation of 40 C.F.R. Sec. 761.20(c) (1981); (3) failure to keep records of PCB capacitor disposal, in violation of 40 C.F.R. Sec. 761.180(b) (1981); (4) wrongful disposal of transformer fluid containing PCBs, in violation of 40 C.F.R. Sec. 761.60(a) (1982); and (5) failure to notify the appropriate agency of the transformer fluid disposal, in violation of 42 U.S.C. Secs. 9603(b), (c) (1982). The last two counts, relating to the disposal of the transformer fluid, were dismissed at the close of defendants' case for insufficiency of the evidence. The remaining counts, relating to the capacitors, were submitted to the jury.
The imposition of criminal sanctions under the TSCA requires proof of knowing or willful violations of the regulations issued thereunder. 15 U.S.C. Secs. 2614, 2615(b) (1982). Consequently, if defendants did not know the capacitors contained PCBs, their convictions were improper. With regard to intent, the court instructed the jury as follows:
[Y]ou may find that any particular defendant acted knowingly if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was aware of a high probability that the capacitors contained PCBs in concentrations over 50 parts per million and deliberately avoided learning the truth. You may not find such knowledge, however, if you find that the defendant actually believed that the capacitors or transformers contained PCBs in concentrations of 50 PPM, or less, or if you find that the defendant was simply careless.
The use of the so-called Jewell, or deliberate avoidance instruction, on the facts of this case was erroneous and requires reversal.
We first authorized the use of a deliberate avoidance instruction in the context of a prosecution for importation of controlled substances, and subsequent cases approving its use have presented similar factual patterns. See, e.g., United States v. Lopez-Martinez, 725 F.2d 471, 474-75 (9th Cir.) (importation and possession of heroin with intent to distribute), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 134, 83 L.Ed.2d 74 (1984); United States v. Suttiswad, 696 F.2d 645, 649-52 (9th Cir.1982) (same); United States v. Nicholson, 677 F.2d 706, 710-11 (9th Cir.1982) ( ); United States v. Erwin, 625 F.2d 838, 841 (9th Cir.1980) (importation of heroin). We have also permitted the use of a Jewell instruction outside the context of a drug prosecution. See, e.g., United States v. Henderson, 721 F.2d 276, 277-79 (9th Cir.1983) ( ); United States v. Long, 706 F.2d 1044, 1056 (9th Cir.1983) ( ); United States v. Weiner, 578 F.2d 757, 786-87 (9th Cir.) (per curiam) (, )cert. denied, 439 U.S. 981, 99 S.Ct. 568, 58 L.Ed.2d 651 (1978); United States v. Eaglin, 571 F.2d 1069, 1074-75 (9th Cir.1977) (, )cert. denied, 435 U.S. 906, 98 S.Ct. 1453, 55 L.Ed.2d 497 (1978).
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